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| | <h5 id="methods">4) Methods</h5> | | <h5 id="methods">4) Methods</h5> |
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| − | <h6 id = "Miniprep">4-1 Miniprep</h6>
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| − | <p>
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| − | Minipreps were performed using FastGene™Plasmid Mini Kit and and Wizard® Plus SV Minipreps DNA Purification System according to the manufacturer's protocols.
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| − | </p>
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| − | <h6 id = "Gel Extraction and PCR purification">4-2 Gel Extraction and PCR purification</h6>
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| − | <p>
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| − | Gel Extraction was performed using Wizard® SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System according to the manufacturer's protocols.
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| − | </p>
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| − | <h6 id = "Restriction Enzyme Digestion">4-3 Restriction Enzyme Digestion</h6>
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| − | <p>
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| − | Restriction enzyme treatment was performed using Takara Bio's or NEB's restriction enzymes according to the respective manufacturer's protocols.
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| − | </p>
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| − | <h6 id = "Ligation">4-4 Ligation</h6>
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| − | <p>
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| − | Ligation was performed using Takara Bio's Ligation High Ver.2 according to the manufacturer's
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| − | </p>
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| − | <h6 id = "Transformation">4-5 Transformation</h6>
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| − | <ol>
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| − | <li>Thaw competent cells on ice</li>
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| − | <li>Add DNA sample (2.5μl) to competent cells. leave them on ice for 15 minutes</li>
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| − | <li>Keep them in heating block for 45 seconds, then cool on ice for 2 minutes</li>
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| − | <li>Add 90μl SOC liquid culture medium, then incubate for 45 minutes at 37°C</li>
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| − | <li>Seed cells onto LB+antibiotics agar plate. Incubate for 24 hours at 37°C</li>
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| − | </ol>
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| − | <h6 id = "PCR">4-6 PCR</h6>
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| − | <p>
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| − | PCR was performed using KAPA™HiFi HotStart ReadyMix (2x), KAPA™ 2G Robust HotStart ReadyMix (2x), PrimeSTAR® Max DNA Polymerase, GoTaq®, Takara Ex Taq, and Quick Taq® HS DyeMix according to the manufacturer's protocols
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| − | </p>
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| − | <h6 id = "Sequencing">4-7 Sequencing</h6>
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| − | <p>
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| − | We outsourced the sequencing to Macrogen
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| − | </p>
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| − | <p>
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| − | http://www.macrogen-japan.co.jp/cap_seq_0203.php
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| − | </p>
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| − | <h6 id = "RT-PCR">4-8 RT-PCR</h6>
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| − | <p>
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| − | We extracted <I>B. xylophilus</I> whole mRNA using Sepazol®-RNA Ⅰ Super G according to the manufacturer's protocol.
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| − | </p>
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| − | <p>
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| − | RT-PCR was performed using ~~~ according to the manufacturer's protocol.
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| − | </p>
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| − | <h6 id = "RTqPCR">4-9 qRT-PCR</h6>
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| − | <p>We inserted 3 plasmids written on the lower left into 2 types of yeasts written on the lower right.
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| − | <table class="pcr">
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| − | <tr>
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| − | <td class="pcr">p14 Gal1p-AK1<br>
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| − | p26 GPDp-AK1<br>
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| − | p100 GPF-GFP</td>
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| − | <td class="pcr">MKY13 WT<br>
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| − | MKY117 ski2Δ</td>
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| − | </tr>
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| − | </table>
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| − | Regarding p14, we conducted
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| − | <ol>
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| − | <li>Create culture with raffinose medium as primary culture.</li>
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| − | <li>Dilute it in glucose medium and galactose medium and incubate for 12-15 hours.</li>
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| − | <li>Collect at log phase of OD = 1.1- 1.8 (MKY13) 0.6 - 1.2 .(MKY117) </li>
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| − | <li>Collect RNA by Lucigen's MasterPure Yeast RNA purification kit. (http://www.lucigen.com/home.php?cat=273)</li>
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| − | <li>Do DNase treatment according to the manual for 20 minutes.</li>
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| − | <li>Dissolve the obtained total RNA in 15 μL and dilute it to prepare a standard curve sample (using p14 sample and p100 sample). The measurement sample was diluted 5000 times with water and used. Analysis is ABI Step-one plus. SuperScript III Platinum SYBR qRT-PCR kit (https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/11732020) was used.</li>
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| − | </ol>
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| − | <p>The three following primers were used :
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| − | <ul class="material">
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| − | <li>IK91-IK92: This amplifies the loop region of hairpin RNA</li>
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| − | <li>IK95-IK96: This amplifies the inside of AK1 mRNA</li>
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| − | <li>Kota 030 - Kota 031: It amplifies near the 5 'end of 25S rRNA. (Fujii Kitabatake et al., 2009)</li>
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| − | </ul>
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| − | <p>Quantitation was performed with n = 3 biological triplicate, and the variation in RNA recovery amount was standardized by dividing the quantified value of loop and the quantified value of AK1 by the quantitative value of 25S rRNA, respectively.</p>
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| − | <h6 id = "Western blotting (Sample preparation of S. cerevisiae)">4-10 Western blotting (Sample preparation of <I>S. cerevisiae</I>)</h6>
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| − | <ol>
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| − | <li>Cultivate 1ml of <I>S. cerevisiae</I> culture whose OD600 values are 1.0</li>
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| − | <li>Pour 1ml of the <I>S. cerevisiae</I> cell culture into 1.5ml tubes</li>
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| − | <li>Centrifuge 5000rpm for 1min and remove the supernatant</li>
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| − | <li>Resuspend with 30ul of SDS sample buffer </li>
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| − | <li>Heat samples for 10min at 100°C using block incubater</li>
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| − | <li>Vortex well</li>
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| − | </ol>
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| − | <h6 id = "Western blotting (Basic protocol)">4-11 Western blotting (Basic protocol)</h6>
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| − | <ol>
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| − | <li>Apply sample to SDS-PAGE minigel (BIOCRAFT 15%)</li>
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| − | <li>Soak the gel in transfer buffer</li>
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| − | <li>Soak PVDF membrane in 100% methanol for 30 sec</li>
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| − | <li>Soak PVDF membrane and filter paper in transfer buffer, leave for 5 min</li>
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| − | <li>Set filter paper, membrane, gels, filter paper in this order to semidry transfer from anode to cathode</li>
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| − | <li>Transfer the proteins from the gel to the membrane with 100 mA for 1 h</li>
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| − | <li>Soak membrane in blocking buffer (dilution of 5 g ECL Blocking reagent by 100ml of TBST) for 1 h</li>
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| − | <li>Wash for 5 min 3 times with TBST</li>
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| − | <li>Apply 1' antibody (dilution of 10 μl of 1’antibody by 10ml of Blocking buffer) and shake for 1 h</li>
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| − | <li>Wash for 5 min 3 times with TBST</li>
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| − | <li>Apply 2' antibody (dilution of 4μl of 2’antibody by 10ml of Blocking buffer) and shake for 1 h</li>
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| − | <li>Wash for 5 min 3 times with TBST</li>
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| − | <li>Drain excess wash buffer from the washed membrane and place on flat surface, protein side up</li>
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| − | <li>Add detection reagent onto the membrane, covering all of the membrane</li>
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| − | <li>Incubate for 5 minutes at room temperature</li>
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| − | <li>Drain off excess detection reagent by dabbing with Kimwipe</li>
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| − | <li>Place the sample in the CCD camera compartment and record the images</li>
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| − | </ol>
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| − | <h6 id = "Culture using yeasts and measurement">4-12 Culture using yeasts and measurement</h6>
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| − | <ol>
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| − | <li>Prepare medium put on 3.5 cm plate.</li>
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| − | <li>Drop liquid-cultured yeasts on the center of medium.</li>
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| − | <li>Disperse them by bacteria spreader and dry for 30min to 1 hour. Or leave them as they are.</li>
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| − | <li>Pipette suspension including nematodes on the medium.</li>
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| − | <li>Culture it at 25 ℃</li>
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| − | </ol>
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| − | <h6 id = "The way of taking photos">4-13 The way of taking photos</h6>
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| − | <ol>
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| − | <li>Culture yeasts expressing GFP over night and dilute them three times with DW or SD liquid medium.</li>
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| − | <li>Drop 200-300μl of water on the medium after one or two days, and pipette it in order to spread over the medium.</li>
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| − | <li>Suck out 12ul of water on the medium and drop it on microscope slide.</li>
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| − | <li>Cover it with cover glass and observe whether nematodes feed yeasts expressing GFP by fluorescence microscope.</li>
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| − | </ol>
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| − | <h6 id = "Methods of taking movies">4-14 Methods of taking movies</h6>
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| − | <ol>
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| − | <li>Make agar pad.</li>
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| − | <li>Extract nematodes from PDA medium, collect them into 1.5ml tube and centrifuge it.</li>
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| − | <li>Remove supernatant and put 1.5ul of suspension with nematodes into gap of cover glasses.</li>
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| − | <li>Snap microscope slide with the finger and reach suspension to the center of agarose medium.</li>
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| − | <li>Observe whether nematodes feed yeast expressing GFP by microscope and take videos of it.</li>
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| − | </ol>
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| − | <h6 id = "Way of making agar pad">4-15 Way of making agar pad</h2>
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| − | <ol>
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| − | <li>Make medium of 2% agar and sterlize by autoclave.</li>
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| − | <li>Put sterlized slide glass between two of slide glasses covered with "Kimwipes", drop agar medium, then rapidly cover agar medium with another slide glass.</li>
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| − | <li>After the medium sodifies, reveal slowly covered slide glass.</li>
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| − | <li>Pipette yeasts on the medium, cover the medium on cover glass, and culture it for 1-2days. </li>
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| − | </ol>
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| − | <!-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Part END~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -->
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| − | <h6 id="dsRNA">4-16 Synthesis of dsRNA</h6>
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| − | <p>We synthesyzed dsRNA by "MEGAscript™ T7 Transcription Kit."<br><a href="https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/AM1334">https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/AM1334</a></p>
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| − | <h6 id = "Soaking">4-17 Soaking</h6>
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| − | <p>We followed this paper as for soaking.<br>
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| − | <a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10658-012-0035-0.pdf">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10658-012-0035-0.pdf</a></p>
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| − | </ol>
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| − | <br>
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| − | <br>
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