Difference between revisions of "Team:H14Z1 Hangzhou"

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             <h1>Antibiotics resistance – a big, global challenge</h1>
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             <h1>Lorem Ipsum 1</h1>
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                <p>Phage text</p>
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                 Antibiotic resistance is poised to become one of the greatest dangers of our time. Since its discovery
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                 <b>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.</b> Morbi et faucibus leo. Nullam gravida nibh
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                 in 1928, antibiotics have been our first line of defense against bacterial infections. Antibiotics have
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                 saved countless lives, and made difficult and complex surgeries possible [1]. For half a century we have
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                 enjoyed the golden age of antibiotics where we have had no reason to fear bacterial infections. But this
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                 golden age is coming to an end. Widespread misuse of antibiotics, coupled with minimal investment in new
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                 treatments have allowed pathogenic bacteria to develop resistances to many antibiotics. Our best defense
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                 against the bacteria have now created one of our greatest medical threats. [2]
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                    <h1>Lorem Ipsum 4</h1>
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                         The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) have confirmed that the United States and the
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                         rest of the world are amid an emerging crisis of antibiotic resistance for microbial pathogens
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                        [2]. In 2016 the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that antibiotic resistance is one of the
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                         biggest threats to global health, food security, and development today. [3]
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                        As antibiotics are losing their effect, invasive surgeries such as organ transplants, joint
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                         replacements and cardiac surgeries will become difficult and expensive. People undergoing
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                        chemotherapy or taking any immunosuppressants will be in a lot more danger of contracting
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                         deadly infections. An increasing number of infections, such as pneumonia, gonorrhea and
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                         tuberculosis, are becoming difficult to treat because the antibiotics previously used are
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                        starting to become less effective [3]. The threat of antibiotic resistance has led to policies
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                         for restrictive use of antibiotics, but many countries have already given up the battle against
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                         certain antibiotic resistant bacteria, such as MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus),
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                         common in hospitals. If these policies fail, the need for an alternative will be vital.
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             <h1>Bacteriophages as an alternative to antibiotics</h1>
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                <p>Standard IGEM text</p>
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                 Fortunately, antibiotics are not the only natural enemies of bacteria. Bacteriophages, or phages for
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                 short, are tiny, bacteria-specific viruses capable of infecting selected bacteria while leaving other
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                 bacteria, as well as animal and plant cells, unharmed. They are one of the most widespread biological
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                 units in the biosphere, and exist anywhere bacteria can be found, for instance in soil, water and animal
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                 intestines. In nature there is a continuous battle between phages and bacteria, with the consequence
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                 that for every bacterium there probably exists one bacteriophage capable of killing it. Bacteriophages
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                 might therefore be an interesting topic to look into in the search for alternatives to antibiotics.
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                        The bacteriophages were discovered in the beginning of the 20th century, and scientists early
 
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                        suggested using them to counter bacterial infections. With the discovery of antibiotics, however,
 
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                        scientists in the Western world lost the interest in bacteriophages, and the research on phages
 
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                        was primarily conducted in the Soviet union, especially in what is now the country of Georgia.
 
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                        During the second world war, Soviet soldiers used bacteriophages as treatment for infections,
 
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                        and there still exists a phage therapy center in Tbilisi, Georgia today [4]. Phage therapy had
 
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                        a bad reputation for a long time, mostly because of poor documentation and research methods,
 
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                        but currently, under the threat of antibiotic resistance, the interest in bacteriophages is
 
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                        rising once again.[5]
 
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                        Phage therapy does however have several issues to be ironed out before becoming a mainstream
 
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                        medical treatment.[5] One major stumbling block for phage therapy is the high host specificity
 
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                        of phages. Most phages can only infect certain strains of a bacterial species. This creates the
 
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                        need for either large libraries of potential phages, or a quick method of developing a phage
 
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                        capable of fighting a given bacterial infection. In order to solve this problem, our project
 
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                        attempts to investigate the latter method.
 
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             <h1>References</h1>
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                 [1] Golkar, Z., Bagasra, O., Pace, D. G. (2014). Bacteriophage therapy: a potential solution for the antibiotic resistance crisis. J infect Dev Ctries, 8(2), 129-136. doi: 10.3855/jidc.3573
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                 [2] Infectious  Diseases  Society  of  America  (2004) Bad  bugs, no drugs:  as antibiotic  discovery  stagnates,  a  public health  crisis brews. Alexandria,  Infectious  Diseases  Society  of  America. Available at http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/04s0233/04s-0233-c000005-03-IDSA-vol1.pdf
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                [3] World Health Organization (2017). Antibiotic resistance. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/antibiotic-resistance/en/
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                 habitasse platea dictumst.
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                [4] Phage therapy center (2000-2017). Available at:
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                https://www.phagetherapycenter.com/pii/PatientServlet?command=static_home
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                 <br><br>
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                [5] Sulakvelidze, A., Alavidze, Z., Morris, J. G. (2001). Bacteriophage Therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 45(3), 649-659. doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.3.649-659.2001
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Revision as of 01:55, 3 October 2018

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Morbi et faucibus leo. Nullam gravida nibh lacus, eget consectetur quam pellentesque quis. Donec sit amet ultrices libero. Mauris mollis gravida diam quis sollicitudin. Praesent viverra risus nisi, non egestas lorem iaculis elementum. Sed interdum suscipit tellus sit amet scelerisque. Quisque gravida, elit a dictum gravida, lacus felis viverra nunc, sit amet consequat metus erat vitae elit. Proin nec lectus leo. Mauris eget bibendum tortor. Donec velit enim, efficitur feugiat imperdiet vel, facilisis ac ante. Curabitur a neque non augue congue convallis et vitae eros. Nam et tristique est. Vestibulum eu rhoncus turpis. Duis sed laoreet ex, id consequat diam.

Nullam purus dolor, rhoncus in magna ac, maximus cursus nisi. Etiam metus ipsum, ornare vitae eros ut, semper sagittis nisl. Integer maximus porttitor risus nec lacinia. Curabitur velit erat, congue quis tortor vel, mattis sagittis turpis. Morbi at tellus quis dui gravida imperdiet. Morbi ac malesuada neque. Phasellus dignissim vitae arcu a consequat. Nunc dignissim a mauris vitae suscipit. Quisque laoreet risus orci, at bibendum felis tempus nec. Cras euismod feugiat imperdiet. Praesent sagittis velit in volutpat vestibulum. Fusce enim lectus, tincidunt tempus neque ut, efficitur euismod justo. Donec faucibus eros volutpat ornare eleifend.

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Lorem Ipsum 4

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Nullam in hendrerit lacus. Interdum et malesuada fames ac ante ipsum primis in faucibus. Aliquam sit amet turpis sit amet orci finibus ornare eget nec nibh. Nullam quis convallis neque, id facilisis enim. Morbi commodo interdum nisl, vitae egestas sem ultrices ac. Nam mollis ac velit nec vestibulum. Suspendisse interdum, orci ut fringilla faucibus, nunc ligula dignissim leo, id fringilla neque sapien sed risus. Cras ac metus suscipit, dignissim magna a, efficitur lacus. Donec maximus enim id est suscipit vulputate. Pellentesque finibus, enim eu ultricies interdum, diam quam eleifend elit, molestie dignissim enim sem at odio. Curabitur eget aliquet ipsum. Etiam sed neque lacinia, porttitor metus ut, dapibus lectus. Maecenas auctor congue sem id posuere. Maecenas vulputate, mi sed sollicitudin egestas, eros elit tincidunt urna, vitae consequat elit leo id dui. Sed tincidunt nibh eget quam lobortis, id ultricies quam pharetra. Sed ac nibh diam.

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Lorem Ipsum 2

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Morbi nisi tortor, maximus eget consequat ut, hendrerit et augue. Phasellus efficitur arcu luctus tortor accumsan, at hendrerit arcu blandit. Vivamus diam felis, eleifend vitae sollicitudin eget, volutpat eget velit. Praesent gravida erat et turpis elementum gravida. Donec a ligula id odio eleifend tincidunt eu vel ex. Vestibulum a semper mi. Integer at rutrum odio. Sed in purus sed tellus vestibulum luctus vitae vitae turpis. Pellentesque interdum turpis felis, eget sollicitudin nulla commodo id. Nulla ac urna ut sapien maximus semper quis id ante.

Vestibulum facilisis aliquam accumsan. Phasellus facilisis lacinia dapibus. Ut dictum purus sed risus porta lobortis. Suspendisse maximus posuere commodo. Duis pharetra sit amet sapien in convallis. Proin ultricies luctus massa. Morbi tristique turpis eget turpis vulputate, a scelerisque magna scelerisque. Nullam blandit rhoncus purus vel feugiat. Ut consequat nunc erat, sit amet sodales massa ultricies sit amet. Sed sit amet nunc sagittis, tincidunt dui ac, euismod sem. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Praesent convallis mollis semper. Praesent accumsan massa sed nulla faucibus, laoreet faucibus ante vestibulum. Nulla id enim a felis porttitor fermentum nec ac velit. Etiam dapibus molestie turpis a sodales.

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Lorem Ipsum 3

Duis porta pulvinar orci ac accumsan. Curabitur sagittis risus nibh, nec sodales velit posuere id. Sed eu lobortis orci, in sodales ligula. Sed vel diam vel ante tempus viverra eu et turpis. Aenean porta, nisi sit amet tempus porta, eros nibh suscipit leo, quis vestibulum est leo in sem. Nam maximus, urna in ornare rutrum, lorem tortor volutpat metus, nec maximus nulla erat sit amet felis. Donec volutpat consequat velit, ac interdum est mattis et. Proin ex est, sodales vitae quam sed, viverra finibus velit.

Nullam porta odio sit amet dui aliquam, sed lacinia odio dictum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Quisque vestibulum elit sit amet ante venenatis pellentesque. Nulla facilisi. Nam aliquam laoreet tortor, vel ultricies eros cursus ac. Sed egestas massa sem, a mattis mauris sagittis suscipit. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.