Difference between revisions of "Team:SMMU-China/Design"

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                  <span class='card-content'>1 Heart failure</span>
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                  <span class='card-content'>2 CaRTIN</span>
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                  <span class='card-content'>References</span>
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<h2 style="text-align: center">Design</h2>
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<h2 style="text-align: center">Deign</h2>
 
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<h3>One</h3>
 
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<h2 class="inner-h">1 Heart failure</h2>
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<h3 class="inner-h">What is heart failure?</h3>
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The main function of the heart is to pump blood, providing power to promote blood circulation to meet the metabolic needs of tissue cells throughout the body.
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Heart failure is when the heart's systolic or diastolic function declines, resulting in a failure of cardiac output to meet the body's metabolic needs. Heart failure is the severe and terminal stage of various heart diseases. According to the patients at all stages, patients including hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes are at risk of heart failure.
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<td>Make sure all wiki content is hosted on <b>2018.igem.org</b>. (This includes text, files, HTML, CSS, Javascript, and other scripts.)</td>
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<td>Don't host your wiki or parts of your wiki elsewhere. Don't include scripts or stylesheets from other servers. </td>
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<td>iGEM content is preserved on our servers so future teams can learn from what you've done. When content is stored on other sites/servers, links may become broken, sites may go down, and <b>information will be lost.</b></td>
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<td>Work on your wiki throughout the year and <b>save small edits for last</b></td>
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<p style="text-align: center"><strong>Table 1: </strong>Overall scheme of our project. </p>
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<strong>Figure 1</strong>
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<h2 class="inner-h">2 CaRTIN</h2>
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<h3 class="inner-h">What is RyR2? What is it made up of?</h3>
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As we have introduced before, Calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) is the important physiological ligand that activates the channels in cardiac muscle during excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. The heart dysfunction will happen when Ca<sup>2+</sup> cycle is in a mess, which in the end leads to heart failure. That’s why we have to mention the Ca<sup>2+</sup> release channels (a kind of ryanodine receptor) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of striated muscles. They adjust and control Ca<sup>2+</sup> between cytoplasm and SR as a biphasic channel such that low cytosolic [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] (mM) activates the channels and high cystolic [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] (mM) inactivates the channels, confirming their crucial role in EC coupling. In cardiac muscle, the Calcium release channels on the SR is named as the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2). It is a tetramer comprised of four 565,000 Dalton RyR2 polypeptides and four 12,000 Dalton FK-506 binding proteins (FKBP12.6).  
 
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<strong>Figure 6</strong>
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<h2 class="inner-h">References</h2>
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<ol>
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<li>Johnson, F. L. "Pathophysiology and etiology of heart failure." Cardiology Clinics 32.1(2014):9-19.</li>
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<li>Smith, J. Gustav. "Molecular Epidemiology of Heart Failure: Translational Challenges and Opportunities." Jacc Basic to Translational Science2.6(2017):757-769.</li>
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<li>Eschenhagen, T. "Is ryanodine receptor phosphorylation key to the fight or flight response and heart failure?." Journal of Clinical Investigation120.12(2010):4197-4203. Ullrich, Nina D., H. H. Valdivia, and E. Niggli. "PKA phosphorylation of cardiac ryanodine receptor modulates SR luminal Ca2+ sensitivity." Journal of Molecular & Cellular Cardiology 53.1(2012):33-42.</li>
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<li>Marx, S. O., et al. "PKA Phosphorylation Dissociates FKBP12.6 from the Calcium Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor)." Cell 101.4(2000):365-376.</li>
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<li>Menzel, S., et al. "Nanobody-Based Biologics for Modulating Purinergic Signaling in Inflammation and Immunity." Frontiers in Pharmacology9(2018):266.</li>
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<li>Wikipedia. Single-domain antibody. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-domain_antibody.</li>
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<li>Wikipedia. Phage display. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display.</li>
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<li>Ma, X., et al. "Therapeutic delivery of cyclin-A2 via recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 restarts the myocardial cell cycle: an in vitro study." Molecular Medicine Reports 11.5(2015):3652-3658.</li>
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Revision as of 04:40, 9 October 2018

1 Heart failure
2 CaRTIN
References

Deign

1 Heart failure

What is heart failure?

The main function of the heart is to pump blood, providing power to promote blood circulation to meet the metabolic needs of tissue cells throughout the body.

Heart failure is when the heart's systolic or diastolic function declines, resulting in a failure of cardiac output to meet the body's metabolic needs. Heart failure is the severe and terminal stage of various heart diseases. According to the patients at all stages, patients including hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes are at risk of heart failure.

Figure 1

2 CaRTIN

What is RyR2? What is it made up of?

As we have introduced before, Calcium (Ca2+) is the important physiological ligand that activates the channels in cardiac muscle during excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. The heart dysfunction will happen when Ca2+ cycle is in a mess, which in the end leads to heart failure. That’s why we have to mention the Ca2+ release channels (a kind of ryanodine receptor) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of striated muscles. They adjust and control Ca2+ between cytoplasm and SR as a biphasic channel such that low cytosolic [Ca2+] (mM) activates the channels and high cystolic [Ca2+] (mM) inactivates the channels, confirming their crucial role in EC coupling. In cardiac muscle, the Calcium release channels on the SR is named as the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2). It is a tetramer comprised of four 565,000 Dalton RyR2 polypeptides and four 12,000 Dalton FK-506 binding proteins (FKBP12.6).

Figure 6

References

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  4. Marx, S. O., et al. "PKA Phosphorylation Dissociates FKBP12.6 from the Calcium Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor)." Cell 101.4(2000):365-376.
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