Difference between revisions of "Team:Tec-Chihuahua/Bees"

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<h2 align="center"><b>Previous ideas</b></h2>
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<h2 align="center"><b>Bee's General information</b></h2>
  
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<b>Bee colony</b>
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      <td><h3 align="center">Arsenic Biomethylation</h3><div class="a"><p align="justify">There are many water bodies contaminated by arsenic which is a highly toxic chemical and when it is ingested could develop some health problems like cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Our idea was through the modification of the bacteria <i>Shewanella Oneidensis MR-1</i> confer it the ability to biomethylate the arsenic in order to make it less dangerous, by reducing its toxicity, preventing various health related issues.<br></p></td></div>
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  <p align="justify">The honeybee is a social insect with three type of individuals: the queen, worker and the drone. Each of them has a special function in the colony. The queen is the only female completely developed sexually, that's the reason why it’s the mother of all bees. There is only one per colony, but it's not a "queen" in the sense that she governs the workers or tell any other bee what to do, she simply lays eggs. A very important function of the queen is to ensure the nest stability and continuity. She controls the sex of her offspring: if its a fertilized egg it will be female, if the egg is unfertilized it would be a male.</p></div><br>
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      <td><h3 align="center">Iron Bean</h3><div class="a"><p align="justify">We focused on how serious is the problem that represents in the world the anemia caused by malnutrition, and we wanted to make a solution. The goal was to develop a source of food that was available for most of the people and we thought beans could be the perfect subject. That is why we had the idea of modifying the bean plant in order to increase the iron nutrient for people could harness in a better way this legume.</p></div></td>
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   <p align="justify">On the other hand, the worker honey bees do all of the main tasks in the colony maintain it in good condition. They are females that are not fully developed sexually. The tasks change with their age because they're correlated with the physiological development of different glands, but can also change depending on the needs of the colony.</p></div>
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      <td><h3 align="center">Spicy Strawberry</h3><div class="a"><p align="justify"><i>Botrytis cinerea</i> is a fungus that attacks the strawberry crops. Our plan was to modify an endogenous microorganism from the strawberries with the gen of capsinoids from non-pungent peppers that have shown antifungal activity to give to the strawberries a mechanism.</p></td></div>
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  <p align="justify">The last type of honey bee are the drones, the males of the colony. They just have one function: fertilize the queen. After mating, the drone dies. They don't have a sting, do not carry pollen, are unable to produce wax and only last six months.<sup>1</sup><br>
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      <td><h3 align="center">BPA Filter</h3><div class="a"><p align="justify">Bisphenol A (BPA), which is an endocrine disruptor, can be found in water bodies contaminated with plastic residues. The human exposure to BPA might cause problems with the female fertility, immunological reproductive alterations, ovarian polycystic, fetal chromosomal abnormality among others. We wanted to develop a 'filter' using genetically modified bacteria capable of degrading Bisphenol A due to, even though, the actual methods may remove the plastic from the water they do not have the capacity to eliminate BPA.</p></td></div>
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  <h6 align="left"><b>THE ULTIMATE PROJECT</b></h6><br>
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<b>Bee’s Life Cycle</b>
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   <p align="justify">Queens lay an egg for each cell. Their yolk serves as food source until, three days later, a larva emerges. On the fourth and fifth day, larvae feed on royal jelly. On the sixth day, larvae transition from jelly to pollen and honey (bee bread), which they will feed on until the ninth day. Brood prepared to be queens are fed royal jelly (and not bee bread) until the ninth day. Larval cells are then capped with wax, where bees will develop as pupae until they emerge depending on their caste. Worker bees emerge on the 16th day, queen bees emerge the 21st and drones emerge last, on the 24th.
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<p align="justify"Workers assume different roles throughout their lives. During the first three weeks, they are called house bees and assume roles within the hive. Their first role is as cleaners, where they take care of debris and waste inside the hive. After three to five days, they assume a role as nurses, where they feed the larvae with royal jelly and bee bread. Afterwards, they assume a number of roles, from feeding the queen and ventilating the hive to making honey and becoming executioners and guards. Beginning between the 18th and 21st day, a worker will spend the remainder of its life as a field bee, where its jobs will be just as varied; they become scouts, nectar gatherers, water collectors and robbers. <sup>3</sup>
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<b>Honeybee immunity.</b>
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   <p align="justify">The honeybee's immune system is the principal barrier against diseases and pathogens. It is classified into social and individual immunity <sup>4</sup>.</p></div><br>
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<div class="a"> The social immunity is a collective behavior seen in Apis mellifera (Honeybee) and other social insects, and it has the objective to reduce the risk of disease outbreaks. Every bee in the colony does small tasks and altogether have a high impact against parasites and pathogens.4 Social immunity is divided into defensive behavior and environment modification. The defensive behavior includes the hygienic behavior as grooming themselves or to each other, exhaustive beehive cleaning of potential infectious elements such as residues or carcasses within the hive. Also, they clean up after the death (2). The environment modification consists of the collection of propolis (plant resins)5 and use them to create an antiviral and antimicrobial envelope for the beehive.<sup>4</sup>.</p></div><br>
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<div class="a"> On the other hand, the individual immunity of honeybees has several lines of innate immune defense against pathogens. The chemical and physical barriers like the exoskeleton cuticle and the peritrophic membranes at the digestive tract are the first line of defense against pathogens. In the case of a breach of the physical and chemical barriers, there is a cellular and humoral response that constitute the second line of defense. The innate immunity of the bee is activated due to the recognition of the structural motifs on the pathogens' surface known as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns by Pattern Recognition Receptors. The signal cascades could active the phagocytosis, coagulation or melanization of the hemolymph or the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as abaecin, apidaecin, defensin and hymenoptaecin.<sup>4</sup>.</p></div><br>
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<div class="a"> The antimicrobial peptides are synthesized in the fat body of the honeybee as pro-peptides (inactive-form) and are cleaved (active-form) upon infection. These peptides have properties against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.<sup>5</sup>.</p></div><br>
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<b>The Anatomy of the bees. </b>
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   <p align="justify">The mouth is the first part of the digestive system. It is in the anteroinferior part of the head and belongs to the licking-sucking classification. The queen, the drone and the worker bee present different structures.<sup>6</sup>
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  <p align="justify">When Bees take liquid foods using the proboscis, which is formed by different pieces of the oral apparatus.<sup>6</sup> The proboscis is not an organ as such, but it is a group of structures that unite and have a particular function. By this retractable structure is how it ingest and regurgitates, nectar, water or honey.<sup>7</sup> Bellow is an image where the structure is retracted and when it is not.
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  <p align="justify">When Bees take liquid foods using the proboscis, which is formed by different pieces of the oral apparatus.<sup>6</sup> The proboscis is not an organ as such, but it is a group of structures that unite and have a particular function. By this retractable structure is how it ingest and regurgitates, nectar, water or honey.<sup>7</sup> Bellow is an image where the structure is retracted and when it is not.
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Revision as of 03:28, 11 October 2018

Erwinions

Bee's General information

Bee colony

The honeybee is a social insect with three type of individuals: the queen, worker and the drone. Each of them has a special function in the colony. The queen is the only female completely developed sexually, that's the reason why it’s the mother of all bees. There is only one per colony, but it's not a "queen" in the sense that she governs the workers or tell any other bee what to do, she simply lays eggs. A very important function of the queen is to ensure the nest stability and continuity. She controls the sex of her offspring: if its a fertilized egg it will be female, if the egg is unfertilized it would be a male.


On the other hand, the worker honey bees do all of the main tasks in the colony maintain it in good condition. They are females that are not fully developed sexually. The tasks change with their age because they're correlated with the physiological development of different glands, but can also change depending on the needs of the colony.


The last type of honey bee are the drones, the males of the colony. They just have one function: fertilize the queen. After mating, the drone dies. They don't have a sting, do not carry pollen, are unable to produce wax and only last six months.1

Bee’s Life Cycle

Queens lay an egg for each cell. Their yolk serves as food source until, three days later, a larva emerges. On the fourth and fifth day, larvae feed on royal jelly. On the sixth day, larvae transition from jelly to pollen and honey (bee bread), which they will feed on until the ninth day. Brood prepared to be queens are fed royal jelly (and not bee bread) until the ninth day. Larval cells are then capped with wax, where bees will develop as pupae until they emerge depending on their caste. Worker bees emerge on the 16th day, queen bees emerge the 21st and drones emerge last, on the 24th.


3


Honeybee immunity.

The honeybee's immune system is the principal barrier against diseases and pathogens. It is classified into social and individual immunity 4.


The social immunity is a collective behavior seen in Apis mellifera (Honeybee) and other social insects, and it has the objective to reduce the risk of disease outbreaks. Every bee in the colony does small tasks and altogether have a high impact against parasites and pathogens.4 Social immunity is divided into defensive behavior and environment modification. The defensive behavior includes the hygienic behavior as grooming themselves or to each other, exhaustive beehive cleaning of potential infectious elements such as residues or carcasses within the hive. Also, they clean up after the death (2). The environment modification consists of the collection of propolis (plant resins)5 and use them to create an antiviral and antimicrobial envelope for the beehive.4.


On the other hand, the individual immunity of honeybees has several lines of innate immune defense against pathogens. The chemical and physical barriers like the exoskeleton cuticle and the peritrophic membranes at the digestive tract are the first line of defense against pathogens. In the case of a breach of the physical and chemical barriers, there is a cellular and humoral response that constitute the second line of defense. The innate immunity of the bee is activated due to the recognition of the structural motifs on the pathogens' surface known as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns by Pattern Recognition Receptors. The signal cascades could active the phagocytosis, coagulation or melanization of the hemolymph or the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as abaecin, apidaecin, defensin and hymenoptaecin.4.


The antimicrobial peptides are synthesized in the fat body of the honeybee as pro-peptides (inactive-form) and are cleaved (active-form) upon infection. These peptides have properties against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.5.


The Anatomy of the bees.

The mouth is the first part of the digestive system. It is in the anteroinferior part of the head and belongs to the licking-sucking classification. The queen, the drone and the worker bee present different structures.6


When Bees take liquid foods using the proboscis, which is formed by different pieces of the oral apparatus.6 The proboscis is not an organ as such, but it is a group of structures that unite and have a particular function. By this retractable structure is how it ingest and regurgitates, nectar, water or honey.7 Bellow is an image where the structure is retracted and when it is not.


When Bees take liquid foods using the proboscis, which is formed by different pieces of the oral apparatus.6 The proboscis is not an organ as such, but it is a group of structures that unite and have a particular function. By this retractable structure is how it ingest and regurgitates, nectar, water or honey.7 Bellow is an image where the structure is retracted and when it is not.


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