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| + | <div class="texttitle">Overview</div> |
| + | <p class="lead add-bottom" style="color:#5E5656">Uranium (U), which is a radionuclide and heavy metal element, has been released into the environment in increasing amounts, mainly due to activities related to the booming nuclear industry<sup>1</sup>. This has resulted in persistent anthropogenic uranium contamination<sup>2</sup>, which contributes to ecotoxicological problems<sup>3</sup>, environmental degradation<sup>4</sup> and could cause severe health problems. Inhalation, ingestion<sup>5</sup> and skin contact are the main routes of uranium exposure<sup>6</sup>. Once entering human body, uranium tends to accumulate<sup>7</sup> and with its radioactivity and heavy-metal toxicity<sup>8</sup>, often leads to significant adverse health effects on human bodies, including DNA damage<sup>9</sup>, reproductive toxicity<sup>10-12</sup> and nephrotoxicity<sup>13</sup>. Therefore, wastewater containing uranium must be thoroughly treated in order to prevent the release of uranium into the environment<sup>14</sup>.</p> |
| + | |
| + | <p class="lead add-bottom" style="color:#5E5656">Several physical, biological and chemical methods have been developed for the removal of uranium from aqueous waste. These include physico-chemical methods such as ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, precipitation, flocculation<sup>18</sup>, phytoremediation<sup>1,15</sup>, rhizofiltration and other types of bioremediation<sup>16,17</sup>. However, these methods are often expensive, time-consuming and tedious, or inefficient for the treatment of large volumes of wastewater with low concentrations of the target contaminants<sup>19</sup>. After interviewing the Hunan Nuclear Geology 311 Brigade, a geological exploration unit with Grade A qualification in Hunan Province of China, it became apparent that the favored method of dealing with excavation sites is simply filling the ground with fresh soil and growing appropriate plants on it<sup>20,21</sup>. This minimalist approach is likely to be favored due to the high-cost of alternative methods mentioned above. Hence, efforts are needed to develop suitable alternative technologies to complement or replace the existing methods<sup>19</sup>.</p> |
| + | |
| + | <p class="lead add-bottom" style="color:#5E5656">To obviate such shortcomings, the Peking iGEM 2016 team developed a novel remediation method, Uranium Reaper, which could remove uranyl ions (the predominant form of aqueous uranium) <sup>15,22,23</sup>, with high efficiency at an affordable cost, thus offering great convenience. Uranium Reaper utilizes a smart covalent crosslinking polymer network which is able to self-assemble in aqueous solution (<a href="http://parts.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K1989000">BBa_K1989000</a>, <a href="http://parts.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Part:BBa_K1989001">BBa_K1989001</a> and <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1989002">BBa_K1989002</a>). The addition of biotin-coated magnetic particles to the solution enables the clearance of the complex self-assembled uranium-containing polymer network by a simple magnet. In this way, uranium pollution is alleviated and the uranyl ions could be cleared and enriched for further use.</p> |
| + | |
| + | <p class="lead add-bottom" style="color:#5E5656">Materials modeled on Uranyl Reaper are not limited to uranium remediation, and could obtain endless functions and applications by attaching different modules of interest to the automatically covalently cross-linking protein network. For example, by replacing SUP with Cadmium-Binding Protein (CBP) or Lead-Binding Protein (LBP) <sup>24,25</sup>, this bio-functional polymer network is capable of adsorbing a variety of heavy metals<sup>26</sup> as confirmed by our experiments. By complementing the leaching and elution circuit in mining, this polymer network would simplify the mining procedures and reduce the amount of contaminated wastewater produced<sup>27,28</sup>. What’s more, by optimizing the number of crosslinking modules, it may be possible to use similar biomaterials for 3D printing. We also aimed to develop a Uranium Reaper Kit, in order to facillitate the use of the material worldwide.</p> |
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| + | <hr> |
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| + | <div class="texttitle">General Illustration</div> |
| + | |
| + | <figure> |
| + | <p style="text-align:center;"><img style="width:80%;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2016/3/36/T--Peking--images_Uranium_Reaper04.png" alt=""/></p> |
| + | </figure> |
| + | <hr/> |
| + | |
| + | <div class="texttitle">Important sections</div> |
| + | <div class="twelve columns"> |
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| + | <div class="references" style="padding-left:24px;padding-right:22px;"> |
| + | <h3 >References:</h3> |
| + | <p> |
| + | [1] Piyush Malaviya, Asha Singh. Phytoremediation Strategies for Remediation of Uranium-Contaminated Environments: A Review. Critical Reviews in <i>Environmental Science & Technology</i>, <b>volume 42(24), 2575-2647</b> (2012) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [2] Merkel B., Long term fate of uranium tailings in mountain areas. <i>Uranium in the Environment. Springer Berlin Heidelberg</i>, <b>47-56 </b>(2006) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [3] Antunes S C, Figueiredo D R D, Marques S M, et al. Evaluation of water column and sediment toxicity from an abandoned uranium mine using a battery of bioassays. <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>, <b>374(2-3):252-259</b> (2007) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [4] Boulois H D D, Joner E J, Leyval C, et al. Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on uranium accumulation by plants. <i>Journal of Environmental Radioactivity</i>, <b>99(5):775-84</b> (2008) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [5] Neves O, Abreu M M, Vicente E M. Uptake of Uranium by Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) in Natural Uranium Contaminated Soils in Order to Assess Chemical Risk for Consumers. <i>Water Air & Soil Pollution</i>, <b>195(1):73-84</b> (2008) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [6] Anke M, Seeber O, Müller R, et al. Uranium transfer in the food chain from soil to plants, animals and man. <i>Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry</i>, <b>69(1):75-90</b> (2009) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [7] Schnug E, Steckel H, Haneklaus S. Contribution of uranium in drinking waters to the daily uranium intake of humans - A case study from Northern Germany. <i>Landbauforschung Volkenrode</i>, <b>55(4)</b> (2005) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [8] Kratz S, Schnug E. Rock phosphates and P fertilizers as sources of U contamination in agricultural soils. <i>Uranium in the Environment</i>. <b>57-67</b> (2006) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [9] Chang P, Kim K W, Yoshida S, et al. Uranium accumulation of crop plants enhanced by citric acid. <i>Environmental Geochemistry & Health</i>, <b>27(5-6):529-38</b> (2005) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [10] Bednar A J, Medina V F, Ulmer-Scholle D S, et al. Effects of organic matter on the distribution of uranium in soil and plant matrices. <i>Chemosphere</i>, <b>70(2):237-47</b> (2007) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [11] Arfsten D P, Still K R, Ritchie G D. A review of the effects of uranium and depleted uranium exposure on reproduction and fetal development. <i>Toxicology & Industrial Health</i>,<b>2001, 17(5-10):180-91</b> (2001) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [12] Sztajnkrycer M D, Otten E J. Chemical and radiological toxicity of depleted uranium. <i>Military Medicine</i>, <b>169(3):212-6</b> (2004) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [13] Craft E S, Abuqare A W, Flaherty M M, et al. Depleted and natural uranium: chemistry and toxicological effects. <i>Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health Part B</i>, <b>7(4):297-317</b> (2004) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [14] Jing B, Yao H, Fan F, et al. Biosorption of uranium by chemically modified Rhodotorula glutinis. <i>Journal of Environmental Radioactivity</i>, <b>101(11):969-973</b> (2010) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [15] Stojanovic´, M. D, Stevanovic´, D. R, Milojkovic´, J. V, et al. Phytotoxic Effect of the Uranium on the Growing Up and Development the Plant of Corn. <i>Water Air & Soil Pollution</i>, <b>209(1):401-410</b> (2010) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [16] Xie S, Yang J, Chen C, et al. Study on biosorption kinetics and thermodynamics of uranium by Citrobacter freudii. <i>Journal of Environmental Radioactivity</i>, <b>99(1):126-33</b> (2008) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [17] Newsome L, Morris K, Lloyd J R. The biogeochemistry and bioremediation of uranium and other priority radionuclides. <i>Chemical Geology</i>, <b>363(1):164-184</b> (2014) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [18] Bhalara P D, Punetha D, Balasubramanian K. A review of potential remediation techniques for uranium(VI) ion retrieval from contaminated aqueous environment. <i>Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering</i>, <b>Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering</b> (2014) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [19] Bhainsa K C, D'Souza S F. Uranium(VI) biosorption by dried roots of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth). <i>Journal of Environmental Science & Health Part A Toxic/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering</i>, <b>36(9):1621-31</b> (2001) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [20] Neves M O, Figueiredo V R, Abreu M M. Transfer of U, Al and Mn in the water-soil-plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) system near a former uranium mining area (Cunha Baixa, Portugal) and implications to human health. <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>, <b>416(2):156–163</b> (2012) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [21] Stojanović M, Pezo L, Lačnjevac Č, et al. Biometric approach in selecting plants for phytoaccumulation of uranium. <i>International Journal of Phytoremediation</i>, <b>18(5):255-262</b> (2015) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [22] Kalin M, Wheeler W N, Meinrath G. The removal of uranium from mining waste water using algal/microbial biomass. <i>Journal of Environmental Radioactivity</i>, <b>78(2):151-177</b> (2005) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [23] Handley-Sidhu S, Keith-Roach M J, Lloyd J R, et al. A review of the environmental corrosion, fate and bioavailability of munitions grade depleted uranium. <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>, <b>408(23):5690-700</b> (2010) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [24] Song L, Caguiat J, Li Z, et al. Engineered single-chain, antiparallel, coiled coil mimics the MerR metal binding site. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i>, <b>186(6):1861-8</b> (2004) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [25] Brown N L, Stoyanov J V, Kidd S P, et al. The MerR family of transcriptional regulators. <i>Fems Microbiology Reviews</i>, <b>27(2-3):145–163</b> (2003) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [26] Mulligan C N, Yong R N, Gibbs B F. Remediation technologies for metal-contaminated soils and groundwater: an evaluation. <i>Engineering Geology</i>, <b>60(1-4):193-207 </b>(2001) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [27] Campbell K M, Gallegos T J, Landa E R. Biogeochemical aspects of uranium mineralization, mining, milling, and remediation. <i>Applied Geochemistry</i>, <b>57:206-235</b> (2015) |
| + | </p><p> |
| + | [28] Quan, C., Collier, D., Bowell, R.J., van Noort, E.. Optimization of the calcrete-uranium process flowsheet: the implications of metallurgical testwork for the Marenica project. <i>In: Taylor, A. (Ed.), Alta 2010 Uranium Conference, Perth, Australia</i> (2010). |
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