Difference between revisions of "Team:AHUT China/Background"

Nowadays, greenhouse effect is one of the most important problems that people are facing, which attracts great attention from researchers. CO2 accounts for about two-thirds of the total greenhouse gas, and it is the most important gas which causes the greenhouse effect. As a result, various methods to control CO2 emissions, such as CO2 capture, are becoming more and more important. The main methods of CO2 capture include solvent absorption, physical adsorption and membrane separation, etc. Solvent absorption method is mainly based on chemical absorption. Some chemical absorbents can react with CO2 to form compounds and separate CO2 from the flue gas containing the absorbent. However, this method also has the following disadvantages: the solution is easy to oxidize and decompose; the solution is highly corrosive and easy to corrode the instrument; large energy consumption and high operation cost.

Physical adsorption method collects CO2 according to the adsorption characteristics of different components of gas to solid adsorbent. However, this method requires a large number of adsorbent to maintain the operation of this process, and the adsorbent has poor selectivity, low adsorption capacity and low efficiency, resulting in high operating costs and few practical applications.

Membrane separation method is based on different permeability of polymeric films to different gas components to achieve the purpose of separation of different gas components. The membranes used can be divided into organic membranes and inorganic membranes. Among them, the organic membrane has properties of strong selectivity for the gas components and simple assembly, but poor heat resistance and corrosion resistance. The inorganic membrane, on the contrary, has good heat resistance and corrosion resistance, but its assembly is complex. In general, CO2 captured by this method is of low purity requiring multiple purification processes, which limits its application in industry.

The above technologies for CO2 capture may have the disadvantages of high cost, low efficiency and poor cyclability, which hinder their application under industrial operating conditions. Therefore, new technologies for the absorption of CO2 are urgently needed, and the biomimetic approach via the use of an enzyme, namely carbonic anhydrase, may make up for the shortage of those methods.

Carbonic anhydrase, a metal enzyme containing Zn²⁺, can catalyze CO2 and H2O to produce HCO^3- (as shown in Fig. 1). Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes faster than other types of enzymes. The range of its catalytic rates is about 10⁴ to 10⁶ reactions per second. Among various sources of carbonic anhydrases, human carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2) has the highest catalytic efficiency.

Fig1_Catalytic mechanism of carbonic anhydrase (CA2)

The molecular weight of carbonic anhydrase is about 30KDa, which is composed of a single peptide chain and contains about 260 amino acids. Each enzyme molecule contains one Zn²⁺. The structure is ellipsoidal, with a pouch cavity in the middle about 1.5nm deep and a cavity opening about 2.0nm wide. Zn²⁺ binds at the bottom of the cavity. At present, the most commonly investigated class of carbonic anhydrase is the α form, also known as CA2. Its main secondary structure is located in its 10 β sheets of its enzyme molecule. It is because of their existence that the enzyme structure is divided into two parts. Many key amino acid residues in enzyme molecules are related to their activity. In addition to β sheets, the surface of the enzyme molecules is also distributed in the form of an α-helical structure, which is usually a short structure (Fig. 2).

Fig2_The structure of carbonic anhydrase (CA2)

Compared with other methods, the technology of using carbonic anhydrase to capture CO2 is specific and can capture CO2 from other gases. In addition, this method is environmentally friendly. Carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 into bicarbonate, a product that can meet the growth demand of plants and microorganisms. When CO2 is converted to bicarbonate, bicarbonate can combine with calcium ions to form calcium carbonate, which can be stored in the ground stably.

Compared with other methods, carbonic anhydrase capture technology is more efficient. The main rate-limiting step of general CO2 capture technology is the hydration reaction of CO2, while carbonic anhydrase can significantly increase the hydration reaction rate of CO2, thus improving the efficiency of CO2 capture.

Although carbonic anhydrase capture technology has high efficiency, it still has some limitations. Most native carbonic anhydrases are too sensitive to the reaction environment, and are not thermally stable, however, the environment temperature is usually 65 °C, and most native carbonic anhydrase lose their activity at this temperature. Therefore, the key now is to identify thermostable carbonic anhydrase.

In order to find carbonic anhydrase with high catalytic efficiency and stability, in this project, we use molecular simulation technology to design a high-efficiency and stable carbonic anhydrase by improving its catalytic properties and biological stability for CO2 capture, including the following parts:

1) Molecular simulation;
2) Engineered E. coli strains expressing wild-type and mutant CA2;
3) Application of mutant CA2 for CO2 capture.

References:

[1]Rahman F A, Aziz M M A, Saidur R, et al. Pollution to solution: Capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its utilization as a renewable energy source for a sustainable future[J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, 71:112-126.
[2]Claudiu T. Supuran. Structure and function of carbonic anhydrases[J]. Biomolecular Biochemical journal, 2016, 473(14):2023-2032.
[3]Lionetto M G, Caricato R, Erroi E, et al. Potential application of carbonic anhydrase activity in bioassay and biomarker studies [J]. Chemistry & Ecology, 2006, 22(sup1): S119-S25.
[4]Migliardini F, De L V, Carginale V, et al. Biomimetic CO2 capture using a highly thermostable bacterial α-carbonic anhydrase immobilized on a polyurethane foam [J]. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition & Medicinal Chemistry, 2014, 29(1):146.