$("#TB2P").html("For the biological aspect of our water safety focus, we looked at the growing problem of high oestrogen levels in British waterways negatively impacting fish populations, and attempted to provide a solution using synthetic biology.<br>The synthetic oestrogen, 17β-estradiol (EE2), is the form that has the largest effect on fish populations, and levels in British rivers range from around 0.05 to 2.80 ng L -1  (Jobling et al, 2009). This is the form of oestrogen we decided to target with our project. This may seem like a very small amount, however studies have shown that even extremely low concentrations such as these can have profound effects on freshwater fish.");

                         $("#TB2P").html("Drawing on research from Taiwan, we discovered a gene from Sphingomonas bacteria called OecA that encodes the enzyme 17,ꞵ-estradiol dehydrogenase, which converts E2 into estrone, resulting in a fifty fold decrease in oestrogenic activity (Chen et al, 2017). The aim of our project was to insert this gene into E.coli with a secretion signal attached, to create a bacteria that produces and secretes the OecA enzyme, with the intent of it being able to efficiently convert E2 into estrone, thus reducing the oestrogenic activity of sewage effluent.");

                         $("#TB2P").html("Citations<br><br>Jobling S, Burn RW, Thorpe K, Williams R, Tyler C. Statistical Modeling Suggests that Antiandrogens in Effluents from Wastewater Treatment Works Contribute to Widespread Sexual Disruption in Fish Living in English Rivers. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009;117(5):797-802. doi:10.1289/ehp.0800197<br>Jobling S, Owen R. Ethinyl oestradiol in the aquatic environment. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Environment Agency 2013. Report No.: No. 1, Vol. 13.");

                         $("#TB2P").html("Citations Contd.<br><br>JSchwindt, A. R., Winkelman, D. L., Keteles, K. , Murphy, M. , Vajda, A. M. and Frid, C. (2014), An environmental oestrogen disrupts fish population dynamics through direct and transgenerational effects on survival and fecundity. J Appl Ecol, 51: 582-591<br>Yi-Lung Chen, Chang-Ping Yu, Tzong-Huei Lee, King-Siang Goh, Kung-Hui Chu, Po-Hsiang Wang, Wael Ismail, Chao-Jen Shih, Yin-Ru Chiang, Biochemical Mechanisms and Catabolic Enzymes Involved in Bacterial Estrogen Degradation Pathways,Cell Chemical Biology,Volume 24, Issue 6,2017,Pages 712-724.e7");

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For the biological aspect of our water safety focus, we looked at the growing problem of high oestrogen levels in British waterways negatively impacting fish populations, and attempted to provide a solution using synthetic biology.

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