Difference between revisions of "Team:Tec-Chihuahua/test"

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   <h2 align="center">Overview</h2><h90>&#9660;</h90>
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   <div class="a"><p align="justify">Our team is aware that bees are a fundamental organism for life as we know it, both in the environmental sphere and in nutrition. However, we have noticed that there are many diseases that attack the bees in the different stages of their life, which involve economic losses of thousands of dollars per year in each country since most of these are not treated correctly. We try to break the barrier between the beekeeping industry and synthetic biology through a product that meets all the needs of beekeepers, it is not harmful to the environment and is available to everyone.</p></div>
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   <div class="a"><p align="justify">In Mexico there are no specific products to combat the two diseases that we study, and the methods to eradicate them are very severe or are preserved in the products derived from bees, which directly harms the economy of the apiculture industry. Our product favors the economy of beekeepers because besides reducing losses, is an endogenous product of bees, so it does not affect the composition of their products.</p></div>
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  <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/3/35/T--Tec-Chihuahua--A10.png"></div>
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  <h4 align="justify">June 15<sup>th</sup><br>Center for Research in Food and Development A.C. (CIAD) visit</h4></div></div>
 +
   <div class="a"><p align="justify">The main objective of the realization of this visit was to get to know and evaluate the ideal conditions with which <i>M. plutonius</i> and <i>P. larvae</i> grow and how are they handled <i>in vitro</i>. On another hand, we looked forward to knowing the practices of in vitro bee breeding.</p></div><br>
  
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<h3 align="center">4 Steps to Effective Customer Problem Solving</h3>
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      <div class="a"><p align="justify">Four members of the team had the opportunity to travel to Cuauhtémoc and attend this visit where we invested approximately four hours, first in the laboratory and then in the field. M. S. Alejandro Romo Chacón (who has participated in more than 20 scientific dissemination articles related to bees or agriculture) welcomed us to the facilities and once we entered the laboratory he began to explain us about the bees’ life cycle and about some of the products and instruments beekeepers use to handle hives. Later, we were able to meet M.S. Adrián Ponce de León, who is researching about foulbrood bacteria, and along with M.S. Romo, he explained us about procedures and safety considerations in order to manage the in vitro growth of <i>P. larvae</i> and <i>M. plutonius</i>.</p></div></div>
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  <div class="a"><p align="justify">The day of our visit, M.S. Romo and M.S. Ponce de León planned to go to the bee field and carry out bee larvae transferences, for its following in vitro breeding. This activity is one of the parts that implies our project once we reach the experimentation stage with the insects and M.S. Romo and M.S. Ponce de León attentively invited us to accompany them to the field, they even lent us suits and veils to interact directly with the bees! Previously we had consulted a protocol that showed us all the details about the in vitro breeding of bees and by observing the techniques used by Ponce de León for the transference, we were able to validate and somehow, to begin with, the practice of this activity.</p></div><br>
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  <div class="a"><p align="justify">Interacting with the bees and being able to observe the composition of the bee boxes, the way in which the different foods were applied and the way in which beekeepers approached the bees were all key elements that allowed us to define the optimum application method of our product and helped us ensure its appropriate integration regarding each characteristic of the hive organization and the work done by beekeepers.</p></div></div>
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<div class="a"><p align="justify">When returning to the CIAD facilities we had the opportunity to discuss the use of bees in the laboratory, how many bees were used? What was this number based on? Were the three R’s considered? The reality is that in Mexico there does not exist such regulations and the bioethical part of working with bees in the laboratory is quite unattended. We found this situation somewhat unsettling and it led us to perform a more extensive analysis of this topic. (consult the bioethical essay in)</p></div><br>
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<h3>Client</h3>
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  <div class="a"><p align="justify">
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<div class="a"><p align="justify">M.S. Romo and M.S. Ponce de León could broaden their panorama on the research that is currently being done with bees and their diseases thanks to the sharing we made with them of our project and the allusion that synthetic biology is its fundamental part.</p></div><br>
−
Our client is the beekeeper that focuses in the caregiving and massive production of hives, for the national and international sale of products such as honey and its derivatives. These are of high importance for the Mexican economy, not only for the export of honey products but also because of the link between pollinating bees and the agriculture of the country. However, this industry does not receive the attention it deserves, because there are many illnesses that attack them and very few companies that dedicate themselves to prevent or treat them, or even to the development of research about it and how these illnesses affect the world’s economy. </p></div><br>
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  <div class="a"><p align="justify">The methods currently used to treat infected hives are antibiotics not specialized in diseases and the hive burning. The method by antibiotics is very controversial since the residues of antibiotics can infiltrate in the final products marketed like honey and propolis. As a consequence, the use of antibiotics has been banned in several countries because of the long-term effects that this could have on the health of consumers.</p></div><br>
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  <div class="a"><p align="justify">The current universally accepted method is the destruction and burning of the hive, however, the process ends in multimillion-dollar losses to the beekeeping community.</p></div>
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</div>
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<div id="P" class="tabcontent">
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<div class="a"><p align="justify">Thanks to this visit we were able to have our first real approach with bees, we knew the reality of working with them and working with the two strains according to a specialized laboratory that has already experienced the proper biosafety considerations. This visit gave us different data that is very useful for the whole experimental plan of our project, and besides that, we lived a little of what beekeepers live every day, like traveling inside the truck with many bees that stayed inside from the field and even experiencing some bee-stings. We were also able to capture amazing photos of the hives!</p></div><br>
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<h3>Problem</h3>
+
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<div class="a"><p align="justify">The American Foulbrood is an illness caused by a pathogenic bacterium called Paenibacillus larvae, which can be found globally and infects the hives. A single colony of the hive with the infection unrestrained will suffer a significative loss of larvae. Without the new litter to replace the elder workers, the entire colony will be in danger and will probably die. However, some colonies are strong enough to recover from the loss. Besides, there are some colonies, like the colonies of South America or the Africanized bees that can resist the infection of the pathogen. This phenomenon has the characteristic that this colonies usually produce a bigger amount of propolis when compared to the honey bees of Europe.</p></div><br>
+
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  <div class="a"><p align="justify">The European Foulbrood is an illness caused by the pathogenic bacterium, Gram-positive, called Melissococcus plutonius that affects the bee larvae. The genetic resistance of some bee species to the illness allows them to overcome the infections without suffering severe damages. However, it must be mentioned that it generally has a better forecast than the American Foulbrood, in some zones, the European Foulbrood has an even more malignant manifestation, damaging severely even the strong colonies of bees.<sup>1</sup></p></div><br>
+
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  <div class="a"><p align="justify">EFB affects mainly the unsealed babies, which can kill the larvae generally when they are 4 to 5 days old. The infected larvae move around the breeding cell, and instead of the regular rolled position, the larvae die displaced in their cell, twisted around the walls or stretched out. The color of the larvae changes from white to yellow, then brown and finally, when they decompose, black.  If a big portion of the larvae dies, the patron of raising seems irregular and sometimes sends an unpleasant or sour smell.<sup>2</sup></p></div><br>
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<h4 align="justify">References</h4>
 
<h4 align="justify">References</h4>
−
<ol>
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<ol class="o">
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  <li>Formato G., Menegotto A., & Jannoni-Sebastianini R. (2012). <i>Loque europea</i>. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from http://teca.fao.org/es/technology/loque-europea</li>
+
<li>Image retrieved from: Grupo Caresner S. de R.L de C.V. (2018). Museo Menonita. https://www.mexicodestinos.com/chihuahua/tours/museo-menonita.html</li>
−
  <li>Forsgren, E. (2009, December 21). <i>European foulbrood in honey bees</i>. Retrieved April 12, 2018, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.016</li>
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<h3>Hypothesis</h3>
 
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<div class="a"><p align="justify">Our product will be a liquid mixture of antimicrobial peptide extracts that will eradicate European foulbrood and American foulbrood, this treatment will be applied in bee bread with the intention that this food reaches infected larvae. As a company, we firmly believe that with this we will achieve the highest quality standards in the product and with this achieve high sales levels a year around the world.
 
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<h3>Solution</h3>
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<div class="a"><p align="justify">This product is intended to be a treatment that will improve the immune system of bees to make them more resistant to American foulbrood and European foulbrood of infected hives. This will be achieved by placing our antimicrobial peptides in PLGA nanocapsules, forming a kind of powder solution that will be placed in the liquid food of the hives, usually composed of water with sugar. Showing our product in different editions of sizes, suitable for the client's convenience.</p></div>
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Revision as of 14:12, 14 October 2018

Erwinions
















June 15th
Center for Research in Food and Development A.C. (CIAD) visit

The main objective of the realization of this visit was to get to know and evaluate the ideal conditions with which M. plutonius and P. larvae grow and how are they handled in vitro. On another hand, we looked forward to knowing the practices of in vitro bee breeding.


Four members of the team had the opportunity to travel to Cuauhtémoc and attend this visit where we invested approximately four hours, first in the laboratory and then in the field. M. S. Alejandro Romo Chacón (who has participated in more than 20 scientific dissemination articles related to bees or agriculture) welcomed us to the facilities and once we entered the laboratory he began to explain us about the bees’ life cycle and about some of the products and instruments beekeepers use to handle hives. Later, we were able to meet M.S. Adrián Ponce de León, who is researching about foulbrood bacteria, and along with M.S. Romo, he explained us about procedures and safety considerations in order to manage the in vitro growth of P. larvae and M. plutonius.


The day of our visit, M.S. Romo and M.S. Ponce de León planned to go to the bee field and carry out bee larvae transferences, for its following in vitro breeding. This activity is one of the parts that implies our project once we reach the experimentation stage with the insects and M.S. Romo and M.S. Ponce de León attentively invited us to accompany them to the field, they even lent us suits and veils to interact directly with the bees! Previously we had consulted a protocol that showed us all the details about the in vitro breeding of bees and by observing the techniques used by Ponce de León for the transference, we were able to validate and somehow, to begin with, the practice of this activity.


Interacting with the bees and being able to observe the composition of the bee boxes, the way in which the different foods were applied and the way in which beekeepers approached the bees were all key elements that allowed us to define the optimum application method of our product and helped us ensure its appropriate integration regarding each characteristic of the hive organization and the work done by beekeepers.


When returning to the CIAD facilities we had the opportunity to discuss the use of bees in the laboratory, how many bees were used? What was this number based on? Were the three R’s considered? The reality is that in Mexico there does not exist such regulations and the bioethical part of working with bees in the laboratory is quite unattended. We found this situation somewhat unsettling and it led us to perform a more extensive analysis of this topic. (consult the bioethical essay in)


M.S. Romo and M.S. Ponce de León could broaden their panorama on the research that is currently being done with bees and their diseases thanks to the sharing we made with them of our project and the allusion that synthetic biology is its fundamental part.


Thanks to this visit we were able to have our first real approach with bees, we knew the reality of working with them and working with the two strains according to a specialized laboratory that has already experienced the proper biosafety considerations. This visit gave us different data that is very useful for the whole experimental plan of our project, and besides that, we lived a little of what beekeepers live every day, like traveling inside the truck with many bees that stayed inside from the field and even experiencing some bee-stings. We were also able to capture amazing photos of the hives!


References

  1. Image retrieved from: Grupo Caresner S. de R.L de C.V. (2018). Museo Menonita. https://www.mexicodestinos.com/chihuahua/tours/museo-menonita.html

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