Difference between revisions of "Team:Jilin China/Background2"

How do RNA-based thermosensors work?

The translation rate of mRNAs depends on many biochemical factors. The most important examples of them are mRNA stability and ribosome-mRNA interaction.

mRNAs are undergoing degradation induced by RNA ribonucleases while being synthesized at the same time. Therefore, the translation rate is determined by the mRNA concentration when it gets equilibrium. Additionally, the translation of a mRNA starts from its translation initiation region (TIR), which contains RBS within Sine-Dalgarno sequence (SD sequence) and AUG start codon. The 30s ribosomal subunit recognize and bind to SD sequence, consequently promoting the translation initiation. Thus the ribosome accessibility also plays an important role in translation process^[3].

But how do cis-acting RNA elements influence mRNA stability and ribosome accessibility? RNA-based thermosensors utilize a common but efficient way -- conformational change^[4]. The secondary or tertiary structure of mRNA such as stem-loops or pseudoknots could transform into different conformations at different temperatures^[5,6]. The mRNA molecules with different conformations have different free energy. Since temperature can be described as the energy availability of mRNA molecules, there is very different probability to form the same conformation that could facilitate translation efficiently at the same temperatures (figure 2). There are two mechanisms of conformational change responding to temperature and control translation efficiency^[7] (figure 3):

1.Zipper-like mechanism

This RNA element is in equilibrium between closed an open conformation. At low temperatures, the closed conformation hides the SD sequence by base-paring with vicinal anti-SD sequence. By contrast, stem-loop melts gradually at elevated temperature, finally resulting the full liberation of the SD sequence and start codon. This conformational change promotes the entire ribosome accessibility of RBS.

Furthermore, the hidden region at low temperatures can also be substituted for RNase recognition site, which could mediate the variations of mRNA stability in different RNase accessibility.

2.Switch-like mechanism

Switch mode is also thought as two-state system. It consists of two mutually exclusive structures that depend on temperature shifts. These two structures have different mRNA stability and ribosome accessibility, thereby regulating the translation rate at different temperatures.

From natural to synthetic

What I cannot create, I do not understand.
-----Prof. Richard Feynman

In many emerging fields of synthetic biology, it has been persistent pursuit of scientists and engineers to rationally engineer biomolecular systems for biosensing^[8] (figure 4). With respect to biological thermosensing, engineered thermosensors would be a huge boost in foundation and application, such as periodical drug delivery, diagnostics in vivo, temperature-induced gene expression and purification, fermentation and other large-scale processes^[7]. These potential uses require the simplificity, accuracy and controlability of RNA-based thermosensors. Since natural RNA-based thermosensors hold complex structure such as ROSE thermometer in rpoH and ibpAB mRNA^[9], eliciting the minimal temperature-sensing element is critical to design synthetic and standard RNA-based thermosensors.

In 2008, an approach attempted de novo design of simple one-stem for manipulation of bacterial gene expression in response to temperature^[5]. This modular work illustrated that the stability and loop size of heat-inducible RNA-based thermosensors were systematically altered and the regulatory consequences were monitored. In 2015, another group attempted to de novo design of simple heat-repressible RNA-based thermosensors, which was based on the interaction between RNase E and mRNA^[9]. It modulates mRNA degradation and stability, and these thermosensors allow a response in the physiological temperature range. This suggests that there are numerous ways in which temperature-responsive RNA sensors can be set up. Inspired by this, we designed and demonstrated standard heat-inducible and heat-repressible RNA-based thermosensors with different sensing temperatures, and also designed new types of cold-inducible and cold-repressible RNA-based thermosensors, which are based on existing hypothesized principles. After that we created an integrated and standard RNA-based thermosensors toolkit successfully.

SynRT: The collection and toolkit

The four types of synthetic and standard RNA-based thermosensors we designed are shown as following:

1)Heat-inducible RNA-based thermosensors
2)Heat-repressible RNA-based thermosensors
3)Cold-inducible RNA-based thermosensors
4)Cold-repressible RNA-based thermosensors

Firstly, we designed and standardized them based on free-energy method, which could broaden the temperature sensing range of these engineered thermosensors. It would Adapt to a variety of possible situations of application. Secondly, we predicted their theoretical sensing temperature thorough software and detected the practical threshold by experimenting setting temperature gradient. Thirdly we used biophysical mathematical model to analyse their abilities to sense temperature and modulate the expression intensity, such as critical temperature, maximal expression intensity and sensitivity. Then we constructed evaluation model based on random forest, which we use to judge if the thermosensor is desirable or undesirable.

After these systematic analytical works, we created a toolkit and matched for potential users in numerous foundational and applied areas. We name this as SynRT toolkit, and the updated version is SynRT toolkit 3.0.