Difference between revisions of "Team:ZJU-China/Matrix"

It has been proved that enzymes can be used in purified form. The biocatalysis is a highly efficient and environmentally friendly manner which has great potential in industry. However, its production efficiency is limited by low mass transport stemming from hindered diffusion of the substrate or product across the cell membrane. Thus we do need an approach that optimally combines the criteria of high surface area, enhanced enzyme stability, rapid mass transport, and modularity. It had been elusive until the researchers from Harvard University developed a protein immobilization platform that modifies curli nanofibers, the amyloid fiber component of E. coli biofilms, with a peptide domain that can covalently capture proteins. ^[1]

According to the article published in 2015, ^[1] the process of the biofilm functionalization with enzymes through the covalent modification of curli fibers is showed in Figure 1. First, E. coli expresses CsgA fused to the 13 amino acid SpyTag (CsgA-ST), which self-assembles into curli fibers on the surface of the bacterium. Then it is covalently modified with an enzyme fused to SpyCatcher. Finally, substrate to product catalysis occurs on the high surface-area catalytic fibers.

Fig.1 How enzymes are linked to curli fibers ^[1]

In our approach, we transformed PHL628-△csgA cells with pBbE1a plasmids with CsgA-SpyTag to express curli as the base. Curli from different strains will connect adjacent bacteria to form biofilm. Since there’re three orthogonal systems — SpyTag/SpyCatcher, SnoopTag/SnoopCatcher and SdyTag/SdyCatcher , we synthesized a string of three enzymes rather than one single Enzyme. The method is illustrated in Enzyme Scaffold.

As it was mentioned in the beginning, the curli fiber system serves as a mediator between enzymes and the electrodes. We have to pay attention to its efficiency. So, another thing we do is to insert histidine-tags into CsgA (the major subunit of the curli fiber) so that curli fibers can be specifically associated to NiNTA-AuNPs, and then to the electrodes. ^[2] With the help of NiNTA-AuNPs, electrons released by enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions are able to be delivered to the electrode much more quickly.

Fig.2 ^[3]

We contacted Professor Botyanszki and obtained CsgA deficient strains and CsgA enhanced strains from ShanghaiTech University. We used nucleic acid gel electrophoresis to verify the reliability of the strain (Fig.3).

Fig.3 ^[3]

Then we transformed the modified Pet-26 Plasmid in provided CsgA deficient strains to express CsgA with SpyTag and Histag. Eventually, we have successfully expressed modified CsgA!

Fig.4 ^[3]

To further correlate curli production to activity, we used Quantitative Congo Red (CR) Binding Assays. The results showed that the strains overexpressing CsgA could absorb more Congo red and deposit on the bottom of EP tubes, thus reducing the absorbance of supernatant significantly (Fig.5).

Fig.5 ^[3]

In our experiments, we found that curli has many advantages.

[1] Botyanszki Z, Tay P K R, Nguyen P Q, et al. Engineered catalytic biofilms: Site‐specific enzyme immobilization onto E. coli curli nanofibers[J]. Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 2015, 112(10):2016.e domain that can covalently.

[2] Chen A Y, Deng Z, Billings A N, et al. Synthesis and patterning of tunable multiscale materials with engineered cells[J]. Nature Materials, 2014, 13(5):515.

[3] Seker U O S, Chen A Y, Citorik R J, et al. Synthetic Biogenesis of Bacterial Amyloid Nanomaterials with Tunable Inorganic-Organic Interfaces and Electrical Conductivity[J]. Acs Synthetic Biology, 2017, 6(2):266-275.