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List of Presidents of the United States

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For other uses, see American Presidents: Life Portraits and President of the United States (disambiguation).
This article is part of a series on the
Politics of the
United States of America
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The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by the people through the Electoral College.

Since the office was established in 1789, 44 men have served as president. The first, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms in office, and is counted as the nation's 22nd and 24th presidents; the incumbent, Donald Trump, is therefore the 45th president. There are currently five living former presidents. The most recent death of a former president was on December 26, 2006 with the death of Gerald Ford.

William Henry Harrison's presidency was the shortest in American history. He died 31 days after taking office in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[1]

Of the elected presidents, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon). John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his own presidency, as opposed to a caretaker president. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tyler's precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which a mid-term vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed Gerald Ford to the office. Later, Ford became the second to do so when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. Previously, a mid-term vacancy was left unfilled.

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, there were no parties. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, factions began rallying around dominant Washington Administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. Greatly concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.[2] Since Washington, every president has been affiliated with a political party at the time they assumed office.

Presidents

  Unaffiliated (2)       Federalist (1)       Democratic-Republican (4)       Democratic (15)       Whig (4)       Republican (19)       National Union (2)
Presidency[a] President Prior office[b] Party[c] Term[d] Vice President
1 April 30, 1789
[e]
–
March 4, 1797		 Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg George Washington
1732–1799
(Lived: 67 years)
[3][4][5]		 Commander-in-Chief
of the
Continental Army
(1775–1783)		   Unaffiliated
[2]		 (1788–89)
1
(1789)		 John Adams
[f][g]
(1792)
2
(1793)
2 March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801		 John Adams, Gilbert Stuart, c1800 1815.jpg John Adams
1735–1826
(Lived: 90 years)
[6][7][8]		 1st
Vice President of the United States		 Federalist (1796)
3
(1797)		 Thomas Jefferson
[h]
3 March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1809		 Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800.jpg Thomas Jefferson
1743–1826
(Lived: 83 years)
[9][10][11]		 2nd
Vice President of the United States		 Democratic-
Republican		 (1800)
4
(1801)		 Aaron Burr
March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805
(1804)
5
(1805)		 George Clinton
March 4, 1805 – March 4, 1809
4 March 4, 1809
–
March 4, 1817		 James Madison.jpg James Madison
1751–1836
(Lived: 85 years)
[12][13][14]		 5th
United States Secretary of State
(1801–1809)		 Democratic-
Republican		 (1808)
6
(1809)		 George Clinton
March 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Clinton's term)
(1812)
7
(1813)		 Elbridge Gerry
March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Gerry's term)
5 March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825		 James Monroe White House portrait 1819.gif James Monroe
1758–1831
(Lived: 73 years)
[15][16][17]		 7th
United States Secretary of State
(1811–1817)		 Democratic-
Republican		 (1816)
8
(1817)		 Daniel D. Tompkins
(1820)
9
(1821)
6 March 4, 1825
–
March 4, 1829		 John Quincy Adams cropped.jpg John Quincy Adams
1767–1848
(Lived: 80 years)
[18][19][20]		 8th
United States Secretary of State
(1817–1825)		 Democratic-
Republican		 (1824)
10
(1825)		 John C. Calhoun
7 March 4, 1829
–
March 4, 1837		 Andrew jackson head.jpg Andrew Jackson
1767–1845
(Lived: 78 years)
[21][22][23]		 U.S. Senator from Tennessee
(1797–1798 & 1823–1825)		 Democratic (1828)
11
(1829)		 John C. Calhoun
[i]
March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832
(Resigned from office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Calhoun's term)
(1832)
12
(1833)		 Martin Van Buren
March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837
8 March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841		 Martin Van Buren edit.jpg Martin Van Buren
1782–1862
(Lived: 79 years)
[24][25][26]		 8th
Vice President of the United States		 Democratic (1836)
13
(1837)		 Richard M. Johnson
9 March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841
(Died in office)		 William Henry Harrison daguerreotype edit.jpg William Henry Harrison
1773–1841
(Lived: 68 years)
[27][28][29]		 United States Minister to Colombia
(1828–1829)		 Whig (1840)
14
(1841)
(1841)
[j]		 John Tyler
(Succeeded to presidency)
10 April 4, 1841
[k]
–
March 4, 1845		 Tyler Daguerreotype crop (restoration).jpg John Tyler
1790–1862
(Lived: 71 years)
[30][31][32]		 10th
Vice President of the United States		 Whig
April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841		 Office vacant
Unaffiliated
September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
[l]
11 March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849		 JKP.tif James K. Polk
1795–1849
(Lived: 53 years)
[33][34][35]		 9th
Governor of Tennessee
(1839–1841)		 Democratic (1844)
15
(1845)		 George M. Dallas
12
March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850
(Died in office)		 Zachary Taylor restored and cropped.png Zachary Taylor
1784–1850
(Lived: 65 years)
[36][37][38]		 Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment
United States Army
(1846–1849)
(No prior elected office)		 Whig (1848)
16
(1849)
(1850)
[j]		 Millard Fillmore
(Succeeded to presidency)
13 July 9, 1850
[m]
–
March 4, 1853		 Millard Fillmore by Brady Studio 1855-65-crop.jpg Millard Fillmore
1800–1874
(Lived: 74 years)
[39][40][41]		 12th
Vice President of the United States		 Whig Office vacant
14 March 4, 1853
–
March 4, 1857		 Franklin Pierce - Cropped.jpg Franklin Pierce
1804–1869
(Lived: 64 years)
[42][43][44]		 Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry
United States Army
(1847–1848)		 Democratic (1852)
17
(1853)		 William R. King
March 4 – April 18, 1853
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of King's term)
15 March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861		 James Buchanan.jpg James Buchanan
1791–1868
(Lived: 77 years)
[45][46][47]		 United States Minister to the
Court of St James's
(1853–1856)		 Democratic (1856)
18
(1857)		 John C. Breckinridge
16 March 4, 1861
–
April 15, 1865
(Died in office)		 Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg Abraham Lincoln
1809–1865
(Lived: 56 years)
[48][49][50]		 U.S. Representative for Illinois's 7th District
(1847–1849)		 Republican
(National Union)
[n]		 (1860)
19
(1861)		 Hannibal Hamlin
March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865
(1864)
20
(1865)
(1865)
[j]		 Andrew Johnson
March 4 – April 15, 1865
(Succeeded to presidency)
17 April 15, 1865
–
March 4, 1869		 Andrew Johnson photo portrait head and shoulders, c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg Andrew Johnson
1808–1875
(Lived: 66 years)
[51][52][53]		 16th
Vice President of the United States		 National Union
April 15, 1865 – c. 1868		 Office vacant
Democratic
c. 1868 – March 4, 1869
[o]
18
March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1877		 Ulysses S Grant by Brady c1870-restored.jpg Ulysses S. Grant
1822–1885
(Lived: 63 years)
[54][55][56]		 Commanding General of the U.S. Army
(1864–1869)
(No prior elected office)		 Republican (1868)
21
(1869)		 Schuyler Colfax
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873
(1872)
22
(1873)		 Henry Wilson
March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Wilson's term)
19 March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881		 President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880 Restored.jpg Rutherford B. Hayes
1822–1893
(Lived: 70 years)
[57][58][59]		 29th & 32nd
Governor of Ohio
(1868–1872 & 1876–1877)		 Republican (1876)
23
(1877)		 William A. Wheeler
20 March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881
(Died in office)		 James Abram Garfield, photo portrait seated.jpg James A. Garfield
1831–1881
(Lived: 49 years)
[60][61][62]		 U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th District
(1863–1881)		 Republican (1880)
24
(1881)
(1881)
[j]		 Chester A. Arthur
(Succeeded to presidency)
21 September 19, 1881
[p]
–
March 4, 1885		 Chester Alan Arthur.jpg Chester A. Arthur
1829–1886
(Lived: 57 years)
[63][64][65]		 20th
Vice President of the United States		 Republican Office vacant
22 March 4, 1885
–
March 4, 1889		 Grover Cleveland - NARA - 518139 (cropped).jpg Grover Cleveland
1837–1908
(Lived: 71 years)
[66][67]		 28th
Governor of New York
(1883–1885)		 Democratic (1884)
25
(1885)		 Thomas A. Hendricks
March 4 – November 25, 1885
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Hendricks's term)
23 March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893		 Benjamin Harrison, head and shoulders bw photo, 1896.jpg Benjamin Harrison
1833–1901
(Lived: 67 years)
[68][69][70]		 U.S. Senator from Indiana
(1881–1887)		 Republican (1888)
26
(1889)		 Levi P. Morton
24 March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897		 Grover Cleveland - NARA - 518139 (cropped).jpg Grover Cleveland
1837–1908
(Lived: 71 years)
[66][67]		 22nd
President of the United States
(1885–1889)		 Democratic (1892)
27
(1893)		 Adlai Stevenson
25 March 4, 1897
–
September 14, 1901
(Died in office)		 Mckinley.jpg William McKinley
1843–1901
(Lived: 58 years)
[71][72][73]		 39th
Governor of Ohio
(1892–1896)		 Republican (1896)
28
(1897)		 Garret Hobart
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Hobart's term)
(1900)
29
(1901)
(1901)
[j]		 Theodore Roosevelt
March 4 – September 14, 1901
(Succeeded to presidency)
26 September 14, 1901
–
March 4, 1909		 President Roosevelt - Pach Bros.tif Theodore Roosevelt
1858–1919
(Lived: 60 years)
[74][75][76]		 25th
Vice President of the United States		 Republican Office vacant
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905
(1904)
30
(1905)		 Charles W. Fairbanks
March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909
27 March 4, 1909
–
March 4, 1913		 William Howard Taft, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing front.tif William Howard Taft
1857–1930
(Lived: 72 years)
[77][78][79]		 42nd
United States Secretary of War
(1904–1908)		 Republican (1908)
31
(1909)		 James S. Sherman
March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912
(Died in office)
Office vacant
(Balance of Sherman's term)
28 March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921		 Woodrow Wilson-H&E.jpg Woodrow Wilson
1856–1924
(Lived: 67 years)
[80][81][82]		 34th
Governor of New Jersey
(1911–1913)		 Democratic (1912)
32
(1913)		 Thomas R. Marshall
(1916)
33
(1917)
29 March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923
(Died in office)		 Warren G Harding-Harris & Ewing.jpg Warren G. Harding
1865–1923
(Lived: 57 years)
[83][84][85]		 U.S. Senator from Ohio
(1915–1921)		 Republican (1920)
34
(1921)
(1923)
[j]		 Calvin Coolidge
(Succeeded to presidency)
30 August 2, 1923
[q]
–
March 4, 1929		 Calvin Coolidge, bw head and shoulders photo portrait seated, 1919.jpg Calvin Coolidge
1872–1933
(Lived: 60 years)
[86][87][88]		 29th
Vice President of the United States		 Republican Office vacant
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925
(1924)
35
(1925)		 Charles G. Dawes
March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929
31
March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933		 President Hoover portrait.tif Herbert Hoover
1874–1964
(Lived: 90 years)
[89][90][91]		 3rd
United States Secretary of Commerce
(1921–1928)
(No prior elected office)		 Republican (1928)
36
(1929)		 Charles Curtis
32 March 4, 1933
–
April 12, 1945
(Died in office)		 FDR 1944 Color Portrait.tif Franklin D. Roosevelt
1882–1945
(Lived: 63 years)
[92][93][94]		 44th
Governor of New York
(1929–1932)		 Democratic (1932)
37
(1933)		 John N. Garner
March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941
[r]
(1936)
38
(1937)
(1940)
39
(1941)		 Henry A. Wallace
January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945
(1944)
40
(1945)
(1945)
[j]		 Harry S. Truman
January 20 – April 12, 1945
(Succeeded to presidency)
33 April 12, 1945
–
January 20, 1953		 Truman 58-766-09.jpg Harry S. Truman
1884–1972
(Lived: 88 years)
[95][96][97]		 34th
Vice President of the United States		 Democratic Office vacant
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949
(1948)
41
(1949)		 Alben W. Barkley
January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953
34
January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961		 President Eisenhower Portrait 1959.tif Dwight D. Eisenhower
1890–1969
(Lived: 78 years)
[98][99][100]		 Supreme Allied Commander Europe
(1949–1952)
(No prior elected office)		 Republican (1952)
42
(1953)		 Richard Nixon
(1956)
43
(1957)
35 January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963
(Died in office)		 John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg John F. Kennedy
1917–1963
(Lived: 46 years)
[101][102][103]		 U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
(1953–1960)		 Democratic (1960)
44
(1961)
(1963)
[j]		 Lyndon B. Johnson
(Succeeded to presidency)
36 November 22, 1963
–
January 20, 1969		 37 Lyndon Johnson 3x4.jpg Lyndon B. Johnson
1908–1973
(Lived: 64 years)
[104][105]		 37th
Vice President of the United States		 Democratic Office vacant
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965
(1964)
45
(1965)		 Hubert Humphrey
January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969
37 January 20, 1969
–
August 9, 1974
(Resigned from office)		 Richard M. Nixon, ca. 1935 - 1982 - NARA - 530679.tif Richard Nixon
1913–1994
(Lived: 81 years)
[106][107][108]		 36th
Vice President of the United States
(1953–1961)		 Republican (1968)
46
(1969)		 Spiro Agnew
January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973
(Resigned from office)
(1972)
47
(1973)
(1974)
[j]
Office vacant
October 10 – December 6, 1973
Gerald Ford
December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
(Succeeded to presidency)
38 August 9, 1974
–
January 20, 1977		 Gerald Ford - NARA - 530680.tif Gerald Ford
1913–2006
(Lived: 93 years)
[109][110][111]		 40th
Vice President of the United States		 Republican Office vacant
August 9 – December 19, 1974
Nelson Rockefeller
December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39 January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981		 JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg Jimmy Carter
Born 1924
(93 years old)
[112][113][114]		 76th
Governor of Georgia
(1971–1975)		 Democratic (1976)
48
(1977)		 Walter Mondale
40 January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989		 Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg Ronald Reagan
1911–2004
(Lived: 93 years)
[115][116][117]		 33rd
Governor of California
(1967–1975)		 Republican (1980)
49
(1981)		 George H. W. Bush
(1984)
50
(1985)
41 January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993		 George H. W. Bush, President of the United States, 1989 official portrait cropped.jpg George H. W. Bush
Born 1924
(93 years old)
[118][119][120]		 43rd
Vice President of the United States		 Republican (1988)
51
(1989)		 Dan Quayle
42 January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001		 Bill Clinton.jpg Bill Clinton
Born 1946
(71 years old)
[121][122][123]		 40th & 42nd
Governor of Arkansas
(1979–1981 & 1983–1992)		 Democratic (1992)
52
(1993)		 Al Gore
(1996)
53
(1997)
43 January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009		 George-W-Bush.jpeg George W. Bush
Born 1946
(71 years old)
[124][125]		 46th
Governor of Texas
(1995–2000)		 Republican (2000)
54
(2001)		 Dick Cheney
(2004)
55
(2005)
44 January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017		 Obama portrait crop.jpg Barack Obama
Born 1961
(56 years old)
[126][127]		 U.S. Senator from Illinois
(2005–2008)		 Democratic (2008)
56
(2009)		 Joe Biden
(2012)
57
(2013)
45 January 20, 2017
–
Incumbent		 Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg Donald Trump
Born 1946
(71 years old)
[128][129]		 Chairman of
The Trump Organization
(1971–2017)
(No prior elected office)		 Republican (2016)
58
(2017)		 Mike Pence

Subsequent public office

Four presidents held other high U.S. federal offices after leaving the presidency.

President Presidency[a] Subsequent service
John Quincy Adams 6 1825–1829 U.S. Representative from Massachusetts (1831–1848)
Andrew Johnson 17 1865–1869 U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1875)
Grover Cleveland 22 1885–1889 24th President of the United States (1893–1897)
William Howard Taft 27 1909–1913 10th Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930)

Several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U.S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency.

President Presidency[a] Office sought unsuccessfully
John Quincy Adams 6 1825–1829 Governor of Massachusetts (1833)
Martin Van Buren 8 1837–1841 President of the United States (1844)
President of the United States (1848)
Millard Fillmore 13 1850–1853 President of the United States (1856)
Andrew Johnson 17 1865–1869 U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1870)
U.S. Representative from Tennessee (1872)
Ulysses S. Grant 18 1869–1877 President of the United States (1880)
Theodore Roosevelt 26 1901–1909 President of the United States (1912)
Herbert Hoover 31 1929–1933 President of the United States (1940)

Additionally, one former president, John Tyler, served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War. Tyler served in the Provisional Confederate Congress from 1861 to 1862. He was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives in November 1861, but died before he could take his seat.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c The presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  2. Jump up ^ Listed here is the most recent office (either with a U.S. state, the federal government, or a private corporation) held by the individual prior to becoming president.
  3. Jump up ^ Three presidents are counted above with multiple political affiliations: John Tyler (Whig, Unaffiliated), Abraham Lincoln (Republican, National Union), and Andrew Johnson (National Union, Democratic).
  4. Jump up ^ Listed and numbered here are the elections and inaugurations that constitute a presidential term.
  5. Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays, instead of being inaugurated on March 4, 1789, the date scheduled for operations of the federal government under the new Constitution to begin, Washington's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days later. As a result, his first term was only 1,404 days long (as opposed to the usual 1,461), and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned.
  6. Jump up ^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.
  7. Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays, Adams assumed the office of Vice President 1 month and 17 days after the March 4, 1789 scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 1,413 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who neither died in office nor resigned.
  8. Jump up ^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.
  9. Jump up ^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Intra-term extraordinary inauguration.
  11. Jump up ^ John Tyler was sworn in as president on April 6, 1841.
  12. Jump up ^ John Tyler, a former Democrat, ran for vice president on the Whig Party ticket with Harrison in 1840. Tyler's policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.
  13. Jump up ^ Millard Fillmore was sworn in as president on July 10, 1850.
  14. Jump up ^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.
  15. Jump up ^ Democrat Andrew Johnson ran for vice president on the National Union Party ticket with Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
  16. Jump up ^ Chester A. Arthur was initially sworn in as president on September 20, 1881, and then again on September 22.
  17. Jump up ^ Calvin Coolidge was initially sworn in as president on August 3, 1923, and then again on August 21.
  18. Jump up ^ The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution (ratified on January 23, 1933) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20, beginning in 1937. As a result, Garner's first term in office was 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term.

References

  1. Jump up ^ "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. Retrieved October 1, 2008. 
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). "George Washington's views on political parties in America". The Washington Times. Retrieved July 1, 2016. 
  3. Jump up ^ "George Washington". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  4. Jump up ^ "George Washington". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  5. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of George Washington". American Presidents: Life Portraits. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  6. Jump up ^ "John Adams". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  7. Jump up ^ "John Adams". History. Retrieved November 21, 2016. 
  8. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of John Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  9. Jump up ^ "Thomas Jefferson". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  10. Jump up ^ "Thomas Jefferson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  11. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  12. Jump up ^ "James Madison". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  13. Jump up ^ "James Madison". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  14. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of James Madison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  15. Jump up ^ "James Monroe". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  16. Jump up ^ "James Monroe". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  17. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of James Monroe". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  18. Jump up ^ "John Quincy Adams". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  19. Jump up ^ "John Quincy Adams". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  20. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  21. Jump up ^ "Andrew Jackson". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  22. Jump up ^ "Andrew Jackson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  23. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Andrew Jackson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  24. Jump up ^ "Martin Van Buren". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  25. Jump up ^ "Martin Van Buren". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  26. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  27. Jump up ^ "William Henry Harrison". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  28. Jump up ^ "William Henry Harrison". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  29. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of William Henry Harrison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  30. Jump up ^ "John Tyler". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  31. Jump up ^ "John Tyler". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  32. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of John Tyler". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  33. Jump up ^ "James K. Polk". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  34. Jump up ^ "James K. Polk". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  35. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of James K. Polk". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  36. Jump up ^ "Zachary Taylor". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  37. Jump up ^ "Zachary Taylor". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  38. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  39. Jump up ^ "Millard Fillmore". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  40. Jump up ^ "Millard Fillmore". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  41. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Millard Fillmore". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  42. Jump up ^ "Franklin Pierce". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  43. Jump up ^ "Franklin Pierce". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  44. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Franklin Pierce". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  45. Jump up ^ "James Buchanan". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  46. Jump up ^ "James Buchanan". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  47. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of James Buchanan". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  48. Jump up ^ "Abraham Lincoln". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  49. Jump up ^ "Abraham Lincoln". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  50. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  51. Jump up ^ "Andrew Johnson". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  52. Jump up ^ "Andrew Johnson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  53. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  54. Jump up ^ "Ulysses S. Grant". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  55. Jump up ^ "Ulysses S. Grant". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  56. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Ulysses S. Grant". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  57. Jump up ^ "Rutherford B. Hayes". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  58. Jump up ^ "Rutherford B. Hayes". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  59. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  60. Jump up ^ "James Garfield". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  61. Jump up ^ "James A. Garfield". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  62. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of James Garfield". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  63. Jump up ^ "Chester A. Arthur". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  64. Jump up ^ "Chester A. Arthur". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  65. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  66. ^ Jump up to: a b "Grover Cleveland". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  67. ^ Jump up to: a b "Life Portrait of Grover Cleveland". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  68. Jump up ^ "Benjamin Harrison". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  69. Jump up ^ "Benjamin Harrison". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  70. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Benjamin Harrison". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  71. Jump up ^ "William McKinley". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  72. Jump up ^ "William McKinley". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  73. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of William McKinley". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  74. Jump up ^ "Theodore Roosevelt". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  75. Jump up ^ "Theodore Roosevelt". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  76. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  77. Jump up ^ "William Howard Taft". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  78. Jump up ^ "William Howard Taft". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  79. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of William Howard Taft". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  80. Jump up ^ "Woodrow Wilson". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  81. Jump up ^ "Woodrow Wilson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  82. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Woodrow Wilson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  83. Jump up ^ "Warren G. Harding". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  84. Jump up ^ "Warren G. Harding". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016. 
  85. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Warren G. Harding". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  86. Jump up ^ "Calvin Coolidge". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  87. Jump up ^ "Calvin Coolidge". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  88. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  89. Jump up ^ "Herbert Hoover". whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  90. Jump up ^ "Herbert Hoover". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  91. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Herbert Hoover". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  92. Jump up ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt". whitehouse.gov. March 20, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  93. Jump up ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  94. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016. 
  95. Jump up ^ "Harry S. Truman". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  96. Jump up ^ "Harry Truman". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  97. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Harry S. Truman". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016. 
  98. Jump up ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  99. Jump up ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  100. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016. 
  101. Jump up ^ "John F. Kennedy". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  102. Jump up ^ "John F. Kennedy". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  103. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of John F. Kennedy". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016. 
  104. Jump up ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  105. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016. 
  106. Jump up ^ "Richard M. Nixon". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  107. Jump up ^ "Richard M. Nixon". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  108. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016. 
  109. Jump up ^ "Gerald R. Ford". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  110. Jump up ^ "Gerald Ford". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  111. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016. 
  112. Jump up ^ "James Carter". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  113. Jump up ^ "Jimmy Carter". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  114. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Jimmy Carter". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016. 
  115. Jump up ^ "Ronald Reagan". whitehouse.gov. June 25, 2008. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  116. Jump up ^ "Ronald Reagan". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 18, 2017. 
  117. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Ronald Reagan". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016. 
  118. Jump up ^ "George H. W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  119. Jump up ^ "George Bush". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016. 
  120. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of George H.W. Bush". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016. 
  121. Jump up ^ "William J. Clinton". whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  122. Jump up ^ "Bill Clinton". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016. 
  123. Jump up ^ "Life Portrait of Bill Clinton". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016. 
  124. Jump up ^ "George W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. February 25, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  125. Jump up ^ "George W. Bush". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016. 
  126. Jump up ^ "Barack Obama". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  127. Jump up ^ "Barack Obama". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved November 27, 2016. 
  128. Jump up ^ "President Donald J. Trump". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2017. 
  129. Jump up ^ "Donald Trump". History.com. A&E Networks. Retrieved January 20, 2017. 

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States&oldid=838305701"
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