Difference between revisions of "Team:FJNU-China/Design"

 
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<li ><a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Design">Design</a></li>
 
<li ><a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Design">Design</a></li>
 
<li ><a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Result">Results</a></li>
 
<li ><a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Result">Results</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Applied_Design">Application</a></li>
 
<li><a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Demonstrate">Demonstrate</a></li>
 
<li><a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Demonstrate">Demonstrate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Model">Model</a></li>
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<li class="clearfix"><a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Model">Model</a></li>
 
<li class="clearfix"><a href="#">Laboratory</a>
 
<li class="clearfix"><a href="#">Laboratory</a>
 
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     <li>Garbage lid</li>
 
     <li>Garbage lid</li>
 
     <li>Bromidrosis</li>
 
     <li>Bromidrosis</li>
     <li>Biosafty</li>
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     <li>Degreding enzyme</li>
 
   
 
   
 
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<h2 class="target" style="color: tomato;">Overview</h2>
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   <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As we mentioned in our background, there is a number of microorganism in our daily life which could cause disease infection and give off stink. This year our team aims to popularize our PLA&2-PE to change the situation caused by harmful bacteria. After we went to Environmental Protection Bureau for our human practice, we thought the condition in garbage can is much more complicated than we imagine. So we temporarily focus on the microbe pollution in our laboratory, which may cause by abandoned pipettetips, waste of medium, diverse biological reagent and so on. And the stink releases by the garbage gives us intuitive feelings and bothered us.
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   <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As we mentioned in our background, there is a number of microorganism in our daily life which could cause disease infection and give off stink. In this project our team aims to popularize our PLA and 2-PE to inhibit the harmful bacteria and make the environment more pleasant. After visiting the Environmental Protection Bureau for our human practice (Details can be found on our <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Human_Practices">Human Practices</a> page.), we thought the condition in garbage can is much more complicated than we imagine. So we temporarily focus on the microbe pollution in our laboratory, which may be polluted by abandoned pipettetips, waste of medium, diverse biological reagent and so on. And the stink released by the garbage gives us intuitive feelings and bothered us.</br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Therefore we try to relieve this problem using PLA and 2-PE produced by the engineered <span style="font-style:italic;">E.coli</span>.
</p>
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</br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;TnaA<span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">-/-</span>deletion strain is chosen as our engineered bacteria, which is odorless. By using this strain, we can avoid the smell of <span style="font-style:italic;">E.coli</span> itself and keep the smell pleasant.
  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After we learnt about the characterization of PLA and 2-PE, we would like to give this problem a nice try.
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<h2 class="target" style="color: tomato;">Garbage lid</h2>
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<h2 class="target" style="color:white ;text-shadow: 0 0 20px red; font-size: 35px;">Garbage lid</h2>
 
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   <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Irregular experimental operation is common but serious somehow, which could cause infection of disease. The pointed part of used pipettetips and different biological reagent are breeding grounds for bacteria. As the laboratory is the place we went to the most frequently and the garbage usually is not properly processed, this problem needs attention.</p>
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   <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Irregular experimental operation is common but serious somehow, which could cause infection of disease. The pointed part of used pipettetips and different biological reagent are breeding grounds for bacteria. As the laboratory is the place where we spent most time a day, the improperly processed garbage should be taken into consideration.<br>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We designed our engineered bacteria in a special container: a garbage lid, PLA and 2-PE will be released to inhibit the growth in the experimental garbage and release roselike aroma at the same time.</br>
 
<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/5/5c/T--FJNU-China--PLA_in_lid.png" style="width: 70%;">   
 
<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/5/5c/T--FJNU-China--PLA_in_lid.png" style="width: 70%;">   
<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/46/T--FJNU-China--2-PE_in_lid.png" style="width: 70%;">
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<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/46/T--FJNU-China--2-PE_in_lid.png" style="width: 70%;"></p>
  
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We designed our engineered bacteria in a special container, a garbage lid, to deal with this situation. We put it in the laboratory baker, constitutive promoter will bring PLA and 2-PE into play, to inhibit the growth in the experimental garbage and release roselike aromatic at the same time.</br>
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<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taking biosafety into account, we added <span style="font-style:italic;">mazEF</span> to our circuit, which is a toxin-antitoxin module located on the <span style="font-style:italic;">Escherichia coli</span> chromosome and some of other bacteria, including pathogens. <span style="font-style:italic;">mazF</span> specifies for a stable toxin protein, and <span style="font-style:italic;">mazE</span> specifies for a labile antitoxin, which antagonizes toxin protein<span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">[1]</span>. <span style="font-style:italic;">mazF</span> is a toxic nuclease arresting cell growth through the mechanism of RNA cleavage and <span style="font-style:italic;">mazE</span> inhibits the RNase activity of <span style="font-style:italic;">mazF</span> by forming a complex.<span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">[2]</span>. In our project We used <span style="font-style:italic;">mazF</span> toxin protein as our killer to ensure biosafety.
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<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/e/ee/T--FJNU-China--Description-mazEF.png" style="width: 70%;"></p>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-style:italic;">mazF</span>, as a suicide gene, is linked with light-control promoter to prevent our engineered bacteria revealing to the outer environment than the garbage lid.
 
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<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taking biosafety into account, we added toxin protein, <span style="font-style:italic;">mazf</span>, as a suicide gene, linking with light-control promoter to prevent our engineered bacteria revealing to the outer environment than the garbage lid.
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<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/5/54/T--FJNU-China--LightOn.gif" style="width: 70%;">
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<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/e/ee/T--FJNU-China--Description-mazEF.png" style="width: 70%;">
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<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The promoter could be induced at visible light. Once the bacteria revealed from the container, <span style="font-style:italic;">mazf</span> will express to cleavage the mRNA. And this is the reason that we use light-proof ingredient to 3D-printed our garbage lid. . (Details can be found on our <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Applied_Design">Application </a>page.)</br>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We completed the experimental collaboration with ECUST on the LightOn Switch. Upon light exposure, the light-switchable repressor LEVI is induced to form homodimers, which then bind to the operator sequence and repress the activity of promoter by blocking the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promote, represses the expression of CI repressor and initiates target gene. Upon light illumination, LEVI homodimerizes data were normalized to the mCherry expression level in dark conditions. Wavelength of activating light is 587nm, and the wavelength of emitted light is 610nm.(Details can be found on our <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Result">Result </a>page.)<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Within the laboratory can be controlled, we demonstrated the efficiency of PLA sterilization. And we also got the most comfortable concentration of 2-PE according to the data of our human practice.(Details can be found on our <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Human_Practices">Human Practices</a> page.)</p>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We linked <span style="font-style:italic;">mazF</span> and LightOn Switch together. Once the bacteria is revealed from the container, in other words, LightOn Switch is open, <span style="font-style:italic;">mazF</span> will be expressed to cleavage the mRNA. And this is the reason why we use light-proof ingredient to the 3D-printed garbage lid. (Details can be found on our <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Applied_Design">Application </a>page.)</br>
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Within the laboratory, we demonstrated the efficiency of PLA sterilization. And we also obtain the most suitable concentration of 2-PE according to the data of our human practice.(Details can be found on our <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Human_Practices">Human Practices</a> page.)</p>
 
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<h2 class="target"style="color: tomato;"> Bromidrosis</h2>
 
<h2 class="target"style="color: tomato;"> Bromidrosis</h2>
 
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   <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After came up with the idea to solve the outer environment, we found the human environment is also interesting. Aiming at another stink caused by bacteria, the bromidrosis is also an unpleasant smell which bothers people around. Two new circuits are applying to the goal of controlling bromidrosis. </br>
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   <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Aiming at another stink caused by bacteria, the bromidrosis is also an unpleasant smell which bothers people around. Two new circuits are applyied to the goal of controlling bromidrosis. </br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When people sweat, there is specific salt concentration and temperature on the skin. We choose this feature as a starting point, designing a logical gate to produce PLA. Every basic component serves respective functions. <span style="font-style:italic;">dsrA</span> is a temperature promoter from <span style="font-style:italic;">E.coli</span>, more active at 37 degree than 25 degree.<span style="vertical-align:super;">[1]</span>  The osmotically control promoter <span style="font-style:italic;">proU</span> provides sensitivity to the salt concentration from 0M to 0.3M.<span style="vertical-align:super;">[2]</span>  And global-regulate protein H-NS which could specifically bind to osmotically control promoter <span style="font-style:italic;">proU</span>, we use it as a specific repressor to inhibit the promoter downstream.<span style="vertical-align:super;">[3]</span>   
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When people sweat, there is specific salt concentration and temperature on the skin. We choose this feature as a starting point, designed and construced an engineered <span style="font-style:italic;">E.coli</span> strain with a logical gate to produce bacteriostatic PLA. Every basic component serves respective functions. <span style="font-style:italic;">dsrA</span>, a temperature-controlled promoter from <span style="font-style:italic;">E.coli</span>, is more active at 37 degree than 25 degree.<span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">[3]</span>  The osmotically control promoter <span style="font-style:italic;">proU</span> shows sensitivity to the salt concentration from 0M to 0.3M.<span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">[4]</span>  We used the global-regulate protein H-NS that could specifically bind to osmotically control promoter <span style="font-style:italic;">proU</span> as a specific repressor to inhibit the promoter downstream.<span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">[5]</span>   
 
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<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/b/ba/T--FJNU-China--on_skin.gif" style="width: 70%;">   
 
<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/b/ba/T--FJNU-China--on_skin.gif" style="width: 70%;">   
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When the circuits on the skin, temperature reaches 37 degree, the repressor protein LacI will be expressed to inhibit <span style="font-style:italic;">PlacI</span>, the H-NS won’t be revealed. Then, once people sweat, the Na+ and Cl- will induce <span style="font-style:italic;">proU</span>, the logical gate became “on” state.</p>
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<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When the circuits are spray on the skin, temperature reaches 37 , the repressor protein LacI will be expressed to inhibit <span style="font-style:italic;">PlacI</span> and the H-NS won’t be revealed. Thus, when people sweat, the Na<span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">+</span> and Cl<span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">-</span> will induce <span style="font-style:italic;">proU</span> resulting in the logical gate switching to “on” state.</p>
 
<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/7/79/T--FJNU-China--room-temperature.gif" style="width: 70%;">
 
<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/7/79/T--FJNU-China--room-temperature.gif" style="width: 70%;">
  
   <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The circuit doesn’t need to be “on” state, when it store at room temperature. Temperature stays below 37 degree, the temperature promoter will not work. The function of PlacI BBa_R0011 has become a constitutive promoter. The global regulate protein H-NS will be expressed to inhibit proU. Then the logical gate will be “off” state. </br>
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   <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The circuit doesn’t need to be “on” state when it is at room temperature. When temperature stays below 37 , <span style="font-style:italic;">dsrA</span> will not work. The function of PlacI BBa_R0011 has become a constitutive promoter. The global-regulate protein H-NS will be expressed to inhibit proU. Then the logical gate will be on “off” state. </br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Then, the 2-PE part, we developed a switch which realize the transform from producing mode to suicide mode. <span style="font-style:italic;">TetO</span> & <span style="font-style:italic;">TetR</span> are common logic elements used in synthetic biology, linking with 2-PE and <span style="font-style:italic;">mazf</span>.<span style="vertical-align:super;">[4][5]</span>  
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We developed the 2-PE part as a switch that realizes the transformation from producing mode to suicide mode. <span style="font-style:italic;">TetO</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">TetR</span> are common logic elements used in synthetic biology, linking with 2-PE and <span style="font-style:italic;">mazf</span>.<span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">[6][7]</span>  
 
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<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Without the induction of arabinose, <span style="font-style:italic;">TetR</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">mazf</span> won’t be expressed, and production of 2-PE maintained at a normal level.</p>
 
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Without the induction of arabinose, <span style="font-style:italic;">TetR</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">mazf</span> won’t be expressed, and production of 2-PE maintained at a normal level.</p>
 
<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/2/29/T--FJNU-China--killing-mode.gif" style="width: 70%;">
 
<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/2/29/T--FJNU-China--killing-mode.gif" style="width: 70%;">
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If the user would like to stop the 2-PE production, adding tiny concentration of arabinose will be able to achieve. <span style="font-style:italic;">TetR</span> will be expressed to inhibit <span style="font-style:italic;">TetO</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">mazf</span> caused cell death.</br>
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<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If users would like to stop 2-PE production, they only need to add a little arabinose. <span style="font-style:italic;">TetR</span> will be expressed to inhibit <span style="font-style:italic;">TetO</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">mazf</span>, causing the cell death.</br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We currently use GFP and RFP to characterize the expression of our circuits. And we’re also trying to get further data results. (Details can be found on our <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Result">Results</a> page.)
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We currently use GFP and RFP to characterize the expression of our circuits. And we’re also trying to obtain more results. (Details can be found on our <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:FJNU-China/Result">Results</a> page.)
 
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<h2 class="target" style="color: tomato;">Biosafty</h2>
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<h2 class="target" style="color: tomato;">Degradation</h2>
<h3 style="text-align:left;"><i class="fa fa-hand-o-right"   style=" align:center; color:tomato;" ></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Background</h3>
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  <p>mazEF is a toxin-antitoxin module located on the Escherichia coli chromosome and that of some other bacteria, including pathogens. mazF specifies for a stable toxin, MazF, and mazE specifies for a labile antitoxin, MazE, that antagonizes MazF. (Engelberg-Kulka, H., et al. 2005)MazF is a toxic nuclease arresting cell growth through the mechanism of RNA cleavage and that MazE inhibits the RNase activity of MazF by forming a complex.(Syed, M. A., et al. 2011).We used mazF as our killer to ensure biosafty. </p>
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  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We have known that the odorant acid E-3-methyl-2-hexenoicacid (E-3M2H) is an abundant and dominant human odorant. <span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">[8]</span>  Therefore, we tried to eliminate such unpleasant axilla odors in an innovative method by degrading the odorant acid. Referring to potential production platform of n-butanol in <span style="font-style:italic;">E.coli</span><span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">[9]</span> , we designed a combined part to degrade E-3-methyl-2-hexenoicacid (E-3M2H).</p>
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<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/8/8d/T--FJNU-China--degreding_enzyme.png" style="width: 70%;">
  
<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/e/ee/T--FJNU-China--Description-mazEF.png" style="width: 80%;">  
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  <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This gene cluster expresses three enzymes, of which atoD and atoA from <span style="font-style:italic;">E.coli</span> and adhE2 from <span style="font-style:italic;">Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824</span>. The function of atoDA mediates reductive conversion of 3-methyl 2-hexenoic acid to 3-methyl-2-acetyl-CoA with acetyl-CoA as the CoA donor, for fatty acid activation and its subsequent degradation.<span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">[9]</span>  AdhE2 catalyzes reduction of 3-methyl-2-acetyl-CoA to 3-methyl 2-hexenol at the expense of NADH.<span style="vertical-align:super;font-size:15px;">[10]</span>  </p>
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<img class="img-responsive center-block" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/5/5a/T--FJNU-China--E-3M2H_pathway.jpg" style="width: 70%;">
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<h3 style="text-align:left;"><i class="fa fa-hand-o-right"  style=" align:center; color:tomato;" ></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Design</h3>
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  <p>According to different scenarios, we designed different promoters to combine with mazF. With the humanization design, the biosafty of our projects is guaranteed. </p>
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<h3 style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bromidrosis</h3>
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  <p>In our scent spray, we designed a suicide switch induced by arabinose. When we don't want the engineered bacteria to work again, we can kill the engineered bacteria by spraying a spray containing arabinose. In order to ensure that our engineering bacteria do not work in other environments, we set the switch of PLA and 2-PE to salt control and temperature control. Only when the temperature reaches the body temperature condition and the salinity reaches the human sweating condition, our engineering bacteria will play a role. </p>
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<h3 style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Garbage can</h3>
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  <p>In the trash can lid, we chose a light-controlled promoter to combine with mazF. Once the engineered bacteria leaves the dark environment of the trash can, it will be killed. </p>
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            <h3>Reference</h3> [1] Engelberg-Kulka, H., et al. (2005). "mazEF: a chromosomal toxin-antitoxin module that triggers programmed cell death in bacteria." J Cell Sci 118(Pt 19): 4327-4332.</br>
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[2]Syed, M. A., et al. (2011). "The chromosomal mazEF locus of Streptococcus mutans encodes a functional type II toxin-antitoxin addiction system." J Bacteriol 193(5): 1122-1130. </br>
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[3]Repoila, F. and S. Gottesman (2003). "Temperature Sensing by the <span style="font-style:italic;">dsrA</span> Promoter." Journal of Bacteriology 185(22): 6609-6614.</br>
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[4] Kavalchuk, K., et al. (2012). "RNase III initiates rapid degradation of <span style="font-style:italic;">proU</span> mRNA upon hypo-osmotic stress in <span style="font-style:italic;">Escherichia coli</span>." RNA Biol 9(1): 98-109. </br>
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[5] Jan M. Lucht, Petra Dersch, Bettina Kempf and Erhard Bremer (1994) “Interactions of the Nucleoid-associated DNA-binding Protein H-NS with the Regulatory Region of the Osmotically Controlled <span style="font-style:italic;">proU</span> Operon of <span style="font-style:italic;">Escherichia coli</span>.” The JOUTNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 6578-6586.</br>
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[6]Soma, Y., Fujiwara, Y., Nakagawa, T., Tsuruno, K., & Hanai, T. (2017). Reconstruction of a metabolic regulatory network in <span style="font-style:italic;">Escherichia coli</span> for purposeful switching from cell growth mode to production mode in direct GABA fermentation from glucose. Metabolic Engineering, 43(August), 54–63.</br>
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[7]Soma, Y., Tsuruno, K., Wada, M., Yokota, A., Hanai, T., 2014. Metabolic flux redirection from a central metabolic pathway toward a synthetic pathway using a metabolic toggle switch. Metab. Eng. 23, 175–184.</br>
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[8] Andreas Natsch*. What Makes Us Smell: The Biochemistry of Body Odour and the Design of New Deodorant Ingredients. KGF-SCS Industrial Investigator Award 2014</br>
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[9] Saini M, Chen M H, Chiang C J, et al. Potential production platform of n-butanol in Escherichia coli[J]. Metabolic Engineering, 2015, 27:76.</br>
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[10] Anu Jose Mattam and Syed Shams Yazdan. Engineering E. coli strain for conversion of short chain fatty acids to bioalcohols. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2013; 6: 128.</br>
  
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            <h3>Reference</h3>
 
            <p style="margin-bottom: 5px;font-size:15px;">1.Beal J, Haddock-Angelli T, Gershater M, de Mora K, Lizarazo M, Hollenhorst J, et al. (2016) Reproducibility of Fluorescent Expression from Engineered Biological Constructs in E. coli. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0150182. </br>
 
2.https://2018.igem.org/Measurement/InterLab</br>
 
3.http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_J61002
 
  
 
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Latest revision as of 02:31, 18 October 2018

Design

  • Overview
  • Garbage lid
  • Bromidrosis
  • Degreding enzyme

Overview

    As we mentioned in our background, there is a number of microorganism in our daily life which could cause disease infection and give off stink. In this project our team aims to popularize our PLA and 2-PE to inhibit the harmful bacteria and make the environment more pleasant. After visiting the Environmental Protection Bureau for our human practice (Details can be found on our Human Practices page.), we thought the condition in garbage can is much more complicated than we imagine. So we temporarily focus on the microbe pollution in our laboratory, which may be polluted by abandoned pipettetips, waste of medium, diverse biological reagent and so on. And the stink released by the garbage gives us intuitive feelings and bothered us.
    Therefore we try to relieve this problem using PLA and 2-PE produced by the engineered E.coli.
    TnaA-/-deletion strain is chosen as our engineered bacteria, which is odorless. By using this strain, we can avoid the smell of E.coli itself and keep the smell pleasant.


Garbage lid

    Irregular experimental operation is common but serious somehow, which could cause infection of disease. The pointed part of used pipettetips and different biological reagent are breeding grounds for bacteria. As the laboratory is the place where we spent most time a day, the improperly processed garbage should be taken into consideration.
    We designed our engineered bacteria in a special container: a garbage lid, PLA and 2-PE will be released to inhibit the growth in the experimental garbage and release roselike aroma at the same time.

    Taking biosafety into account, we added mazEF to our circuit, which is a toxin-antitoxin module located on the Escherichia coli chromosome and some of other bacteria, including pathogens. mazF specifies for a stable toxin protein, and mazE specifies for a labile antitoxin, which antagonizes toxin protein[1]. mazF is a toxic nuclease arresting cell growth through the mechanism of RNA cleavage and mazE inhibits the RNase activity of mazF by forming a complex.[2]. In our project We used mazF toxin protein as our killer to ensure biosafety.

    mazF, as a suicide gene, is linked with light-control promoter to prevent our engineered bacteria revealing to the outer environment than the garbage lid.

    We completed the experimental collaboration with ECUST on the LightOn Switch. Upon light exposure, the light-switchable repressor LEVI is induced to form homodimers, which then bind to the operator sequence and repress the activity of promoter by blocking the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promote, represses the expression of CI repressor and initiates target gene. Upon light illumination, LEVI homodimerizes data were normalized to the mCherry expression level in dark conditions. Wavelength of activating light is 587nm, and the wavelength of emitted light is 610nm.(Details can be found on our Result page.)
    We linked mazF and LightOn Switch together. Once the bacteria is revealed from the container, in other words, LightOn Switch is open, mazF will be expressed to cleavage the mRNA. And this is the reason why we use light-proof ingredient to the 3D-printed garbage lid. (Details can be found on our Application page.)
    Within the laboratory, we demonstrated the efficiency of PLA sterilization. And we also obtain the most suitable concentration of 2-PE according to the data of our human practice.(Details can be found on our Human Practices page.)


Bromidrosis

    Aiming at another stink caused by bacteria, the bromidrosis is also an unpleasant smell which bothers people around. Two new circuits are applyied to the goal of controlling bromidrosis.
    When people sweat, there is specific salt concentration and temperature on the skin. We choose this feature as a starting point, designed and construced an engineered E.coli strain with a logical gate to produce bacteriostatic PLA. Every basic component serves respective functions. dsrA, a temperature-controlled promoter from E.coli, is more active at 37 degree than 25 degree.[3] The osmotically control promoter proU shows sensitivity to the salt concentration from 0M to 0.3M.[4] We used the global-regulate protein H-NS that could specifically bind to osmotically control promoter proU as a specific repressor to inhibit the promoter downstream.[5]

    When the circuits are spray on the skin, temperature reaches 37 ℃, the repressor protein LacI will be expressed to inhibit PlacI and the H-NS won’t be revealed. Thus, when people sweat, the Na+ and Cl- will induce proU resulting in the logical gate switching to “on” state.

    The circuit doesn’t need to be “on” state when it is at room temperature. When temperature stays below 37 ℃, dsrA will not work. The function of PlacI BBa_R0011 has become a constitutive promoter. The global-regulate protein H-NS will be expressed to inhibit proU. Then the logical gate will be on “off” state.
    We developed the 2-PE part as a switch that realizes the transformation from producing mode to suicide mode. TetO and TetR are common logic elements used in synthetic biology, linking with 2-PE and mazf.[6][7]

    Without the induction of arabinose, TetR and mazf won’t be expressed, and production of 2-PE maintained at a normal level.

    If users would like to stop 2-PE production, they only need to add a little arabinose. TetR will be expressed to inhibit TetO and mazf, causing the cell death.
    We currently use GFP and RFP to characterize the expression of our circuits. And we’re also trying to obtain more results. (Details can be found on our Results page.)


Degradation

    We have known that the odorant acid E-3-methyl-2-hexenoicacid (E-3M2H) is an abundant and dominant human odorant. [8] Therefore, we tried to eliminate such unpleasant axilla odors in an innovative method by degrading the odorant acid. Referring to potential production platform of n-butanol in E.coli[9] , we designed a combined part to degrade E-3-methyl-2-hexenoicacid (E-3M2H).

    This gene cluster expresses three enzymes, of which atoD and atoA from E.coli and adhE2 from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The function of atoDA mediates reductive conversion of 3-methyl 2-hexenoic acid to 3-methyl-2-acetyl-CoA with acetyl-CoA as the CoA donor, for fatty acid activation and its subsequent degradation.[9] AdhE2 catalyzes reduction of 3-methyl-2-acetyl-CoA to 3-methyl 2-hexenol at the expense of NADH.[10]



Reference

[1] Engelberg-Kulka, H., et al. (2005). "mazEF: a chromosomal toxin-antitoxin module that triggers programmed cell death in bacteria." J Cell Sci 118(Pt 19): 4327-4332.
[2]Syed, M. A., et al. (2011). "The chromosomal mazEF locus of Streptococcus mutans encodes a functional type II toxin-antitoxin addiction system." J Bacteriol 193(5): 1122-1130.
[3]Repoila, F. and S. Gottesman (2003). "Temperature Sensing by the dsrA Promoter." Journal of Bacteriology 185(22): 6609-6614.
[4] Kavalchuk, K., et al. (2012). "RNase III initiates rapid degradation of proU mRNA upon hypo-osmotic stress in Escherichia coli." RNA Biol 9(1): 98-109.
[5] Jan M. Lucht, Petra Dersch, Bettina Kempf and Erhard Bremer (1994) “Interactions of the Nucleoid-associated DNA-binding Protein H-NS with the Regulatory Region of the Osmotically Controlled proU Operon of Escherichia coli.” The JOUTNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 6578-6586.
[6]Soma, Y., Fujiwara, Y., Nakagawa, T., Tsuruno, K., & Hanai, T. (2017). Reconstruction of a metabolic regulatory network in Escherichia coli for purposeful switching from cell growth mode to production mode in direct GABA fermentation from glucose. Metabolic Engineering, 43(August), 54–63.
[7]Soma, Y., Tsuruno, K., Wada, M., Yokota, A., Hanai, T., 2014. Metabolic flux redirection from a central metabolic pathway toward a synthetic pathway using a metabolic toggle switch. Metab. Eng. 23, 175–184.
[8] Andreas Natsch*. What Makes Us Smell: The Biochemistry of Body Odour and the Design of New Deodorant Ingredients. KGF-SCS Industrial Investigator Award 2014
[9] Saini M, Chen M H, Chiang C J, et al. Potential production platform of n-butanol in Escherichia coli[J]. Metabolic Engineering, 2015, 27:76.
[10] Anu Jose Mattam and Syed Shams Yazdan. Engineering E. coli strain for conversion of short chain fatty acids to bioalcohols. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2013; 6: 128.