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.mw-spinner{background-color:transparent;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.mw-spinner-small{background-image:url(data:image/gif;base64,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);background-image:url(/w/resources/src/jquery/images/spinner.gif?ca65b)!ie;height:20px;width:20px; 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min-width:32px}.mw-spinner-block{display:block; width:100%}.mw-spinner-inline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle; zoom:1;*display:inline; }
 
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@media print{#centralNotice{display:none}}.cn-closeButton{display:inline-block;zoom:1;background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUBAMAAAB/pwA+AAAAElBMVEUAAAAQEBDPz88AAABAQEDv7+9oe1vvAAAABnRSTlMA3rLe3rJS22KzAAAARElEQVQI12PAAUIUQCSTK5BwFgIxFU1AhKECUFAYKAAioXwwBeZChMGCEGGQIFQYJohgIhQgtCEMQ7ECYTHCOciOxA4AADgJTXIb9s8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=) no-repeat;background:url(/w/extensions/CentralNotice/resources/subscribing/close.png?8e3d8) no-repeat!ie;width:20px;height:20px;text-indent:20px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}</style><style>
 
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.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#fff}.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link .special-query{ overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}
 
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.mw-mmv-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;background-color:#000}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open{overflow-y:auto;  }body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-page-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-head-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-navigation,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #content,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #footer,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #globalWrapper{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > *{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-overlay,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-wrapper{display:block}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons{margin-top:5px}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded,.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config{display:block;line-height:inherit}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M851.2 71.6L690.7 232.1l-40.1-40.3-9.6 164.8 164.8-9.3-40.3-40.4L926 146.4l58.5 58.5L997.6 0 792.7 13.1%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M769.6 89.3H611.9l70.9 70.8 7.9 7.5m-47.1 234.6l-51.2 3 3-51.2 9.4-164.4 5.8-100.3H26.4V768h883.1V387l-100.9 5.8-165 9.4zM813.9 678H113.6l207.2-270.2 31.5-12.9L548 599.8l105.9-63.2 159.8 140.8.2.6zm95.6-291.9V228l-79.1 78.9 7.8 7.9%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M897 454.6V313.4L810.4 299c-6.4-23.3-16-45.7-27.3-65.8l50.5-71.4-99.4-100.2-71.4 50.5c-20.9-11.2-42.5-20.9-65.8-27.3L582.6-1H441.4L427 85.6c-23.3 6.4-45.7 16-65.8 27.3l-71.4-50.5-100.3 99.5 50.5 71.4c-11.2 20.9-20.9 42.5-27.3 66.6L127 313.4v141.2l85.8 14.4c6.4 23.3 16 45.7 27.3 66.6L189.6 607l99.5 99.5 71.4-50.5c20.9 11.2 42.5 20.9 66.6 27.3l14.4 85.8h141.2l14.4-86.6c23.3-6.4 45.7-16 65.8-27.3l71.4 50.5 99.5-99.5-50.5-71.4c11.2-20.9 20.9-42.5 27.3-66.6l86.4-13.6zm-385 77c-81.8 0-147.6-66.6-147.6-147.6 0-81.8 66.6-147.6 147.6-147.6S659.6 302.2 659.6 384 593.8 531.6 512 531.6z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");opacity:0.75}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before:hover{opacity:1}.mw-mmv-button{background-color:transparent;min-width:0;border:0;padding:0;overflow-x:hidden;text-indent:-9999em}
 
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.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{border:0;padding:0;color:inherit;line-height:1.5em; }.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget:focus{outline:0;padding:0}.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget::selection{background:rgba(109,169,247,0.5); }
 
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<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg" class="image"><img alt="United States House of Representatives 194-1-240.svg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/50px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg.png" width="50" height="26" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg/75px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg/100px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185"></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:115th_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image"><img alt="115th United States Senate.svg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/50px-115th_United_States_Senate.svg.png" width="50" height="26" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/115th_United_States_Senate.svg/75px-115th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/115th_United_States_Senate.svg/100px-115th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185"></a></p>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (R)</li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a> (R)</li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate#President_pro_tempore_emeritus" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore Emeritus</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> (D)</li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (R)</li>
 
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<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> is the elected <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> of the United States. The president leads the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> and is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. The president is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirectly elected</a> to a four-year <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">term</a> by the people through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>.</p>
 
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<p>Since the office was established in 1789, 44 men have served as president. The first, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> served two non-consecutive terms in office, and is counted as the nation's 22nd and 24th presidents; the incumbent, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, is therefore the 45th president. There are currently five <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Presidents of the United States">living former presidents</a>. The most recent death of a former president was on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">December 26, 2006</a> with the death of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>.</p>
 
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<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>'s presidency was the shortest in American history. He died 31 days after taking office in 1841. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. Since the ratification of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></p>
 
−
<p>Of the elected presidents, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots" title="List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots">assassinated</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>), and one resigned (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his own presidency, as opposed to a caretaker president. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> to the Constitution put Tyler's precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which a mid-term vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> to the office. Later, Ford became the second to do so when he appointed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> to succeed him. Previously, a mid-term vacancy was left unfilled.</p>
 
−
<p>Throughout most of its history, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">American politics</a> has been dominated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a>. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, there were no parties. Soon after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">1st Congress</a> convened, factions began rallying around dominant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Washington Administration</a> officials, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>. Greatly concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.<sup id="cite_ref-GWpps_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-GWpps-2">[2]</a></sup> Since Washington, every president has been affiliated with a political party at the time they assumed office.</p>
 
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<p></p>
 
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<div id="toc" class="toc">
 
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<div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr">
 
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<h2>Contents</h2>
 
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<span class="toctoggle">&nbsp;[<a role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div>
 
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<ul>
 
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#Presidents"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Presidents</span></a></li>
 
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#Subsequent_public_office"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Subsequent public office</span></a></li>
 
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
 
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
 
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
 
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
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</div>
 
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<p></p>
 
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidents">Presidents</span></h2>
 
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<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
 
−
<tbody><tr>
 
−
<th colspan="9"><span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#DDDDDD; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Unaffiliated</a>&nbsp;(2)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#EA9978; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a>&nbsp;(1)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#008000; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a>&nbsp;(4)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#3333FF; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>&nbsp;(15)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#F0C862; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a>&nbsp;(4)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#E81B23; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>&nbsp;(19)</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="margin:0; font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><span class="legend-text" style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#B22222; color:black; font-size:95%; line-height:1.25; text-align:center;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a>&nbsp;(2)</span></th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<th colspan="2">Presidency<sup id="cite_ref-No_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-No-3">[a]</a></sup></th>
 
−
<th colspan="2">President</th>
 
−
<th>Prior office<sup id="cite_ref-office_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-office-4">[b]</a></sup></th>
 
−
<th colspan="2">Party<sup id="cite_ref-2Party_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-2Party-5">[c]</a></sup></th>
 
−
<th>Term<sup id="cite_ref-term_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-term-6">[d]</a></sup></th>
 
−
<th style="width:18%;">Vice President</th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">April 30, 1789</span><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-Washington-term_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Washington-term-7">[e]</a></sup><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1797</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" width="165" height="201" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/248px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/330px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1932"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="width:19%;"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1732–1799<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 67 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-8">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-9">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-10">[5]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Commander-in-Chief<br>
 
−
of the<br>
 
−
Continental Army</a><br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution" title="George Washington in the American Revolution">1775–1783</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#DDDDDD">&nbsp;</td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><i>Unaffiliated</i><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-GWpps_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-GWpps-2">[2]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td class="nowrap"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1788%E2%80%9389" title="United States presidential election, 1788–89">1788–89</a>)</small><br>
 
−
1<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">1789</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-Adams-party_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Adams-party-11">[f]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adams-term_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Adams-term-12">[g]</a></sup></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1792" title="United States presidential election, 1792">1792</a>)</small><br>
 
−
2<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="Second inauguration of George Washington">1793</a>)</small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">2</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1797</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1801</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Adams,_Gilbert_Stuart,_c1800_1815.jpg" class="image"><img alt="John Adams, Gilbert Stuart, c1800 1815.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-John_Adams,_Gilbert_Stuart,_c1800_1815.jpg" width="165" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/John_Adams%2C_Gilbert_Stuart%2C_c1800_1815.jpg/248px-John_Adams%2C_Gilbert_Stuart%2C_c1800_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/John_Adams%2C_Gilbert_Stuart%2C_c1800_1815.jpg/330px-John_Adams%2C_Gilbert_Stuart%2C_c1800_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1200"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1735–1826<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 90 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-13">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-14">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-15">[8]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">1st<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#EA9978"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1796" title="United States presidential election, 1796">1796</a>)</small><br>
 
−
3<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Adams">1797</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-Jefferson-party_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Jefferson-party-16">[h]</a></sup></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">3</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1801</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1809</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800.jpg" width="165" height="197" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/248px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/330px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="2996"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1743–1826<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 83 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-17">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-18">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-19">[11]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">2nd<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#008000"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-<br>
 
−
Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1800" title="United States presidential election, 1800">1800</a>)</small><br>
 
−
4<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson">1801</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1801</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1805</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1804" title="United States presidential election, 1804">1804</a>)</small><br>
 
−
5<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson">1805</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1805</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1809</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">4</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1809</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1817</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Madison.jpg" class="image"><img alt="James Madison.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-James_Madison.jpg" width="165" height="201" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/248px-James_Madison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/330px-James_Madison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="3000"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1751–1836<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 85 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-20">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-21">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-22">[14]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">5th<br>
 
−
United States Secretary of State</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1801–1809)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#008000"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-<br>
 
−
Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1808" title="United States presidential election, 1808">1808</a>)</small><br>
 
−
6<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">1809</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1809</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">April 20, 1812</span><br>
 
−
<i>(Died in office)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant<br>
 
−
<small>(Balance of Clinton's term)</small></i></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1812" title="United States presidential election, 1812">1812</a>)</small><br>
 
−
7<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">1813</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1813</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">November 23, 1814</span><br>
 
−
<i>(Died in office)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant<br>
 
−
<small>(Balance of Gerry's term)</small></i></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">5</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1817</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1825</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.gif" class="image"><img alt="James Monroe White House portrait 1819.gif" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.gif" width="165" height="199" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.gif/248px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.gif/330px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.gif 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="3000"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1758–1831<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 73 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-23">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-24">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-25">[17]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">7th<br>
 
−
United States Secretary of State</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1811–1817)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#008000"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-<br>
 
−
Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1816" title="United States presidential election, 1816">1816</a>)</small><br>
 
−
8<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Monroe" title="First inauguration of James Monroe">1817</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1820" title="United States presidential election, 1820">1820</a>)</small><br>
 
−
9<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Monroe" title="Second inauguration of James Monroe">1821</a>)</small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">6</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1825</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1829</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Quincy_Adams_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="John Quincy Adams cropped.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-John_Quincy_Adams_cropped.jpg" width="165" height="217" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/John_Quincy_Adams_cropped.jpg/248px-John_Quincy_Adams_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/John_Quincy_Adams_cropped.jpg/330px-John_Quincy_Adams_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1800"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1767–1848<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 80 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-26">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-27">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-28">[20]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">8th<br>
 
−
United States Secretary of State</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1817–1825)</small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#008000"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-<br>
 
−
Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1824" title="United States presidential election, 1824">1824</a>)</small><br>
 
−
10<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Quincy Adams">1825</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">7</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1829</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1837</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrew_jackson_head.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Andrew jackson head.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Andrew_jackson_head.jpg" width="165" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Andrew_jackson_head.jpg/248px-Andrew_jackson_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Andrew_jackson_head.jpg/330px-Andrew_jackson_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3000"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1767–1845<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 78 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-29">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-30">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-31">[23]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <span class="detail 2" style="display: none;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 2</a>)</span> <span class="detail 1" style="white-space:nowrap;">from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></span><br>
 
−
<small>(1797–1798 &amp; 1823–1825)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1828" title="United States presidential election, 1828">1828</a>)</small><br>
 
−
11<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="First inauguration of Andrew Jackson">1829</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-Calhoun-party_32-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Calhoun-party-32">[i]</a></sup><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1829</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">December 28, 1832</span><br>
 
−
<i>(Resigned from office)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant<br>
 
−
<small>(Balance of Calhoun's term)</small></i></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1832" title="United States presidential election, 1832">1832</a>)</small><br>
 
−
12<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson">1833</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1833</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1837</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">8</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1837</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1841</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Martin Van Buren edit.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg" width="165" height="212" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg/248px-Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg/330px-Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="2048"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1782–1862<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 79 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-33">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-34">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-35">[26]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">8th<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1836" title="United States presidential election, 1836">1836</a>)</small><br>
 
−
13<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Inauguration of Martin Van Buren">1837</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td>9</td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1841</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">April 4, 1841</span><br>
 
−
<small><i>(Died in office)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg" class="image"><img alt="William Henry Harrison daguerreotype edit.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg" width="165" height="197" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg/248px-William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg/330px-William_Henry_Harrison_daguerreotype_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="792"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1773–1841<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 68 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-36">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-37">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-38">[29]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Colombia">United States Minister to Colombia</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1828–1829)</small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#F0C862"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1840" title="United States presidential election, 1840">1840</a>)</small><br>
 
−
14<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Henry_Harrison" title="Inauguration of William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)<br>
 
−
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Tyler" title="Inauguration of John Tyler">1841</a>)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-intraterm_39-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-intraterm-39">[j]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a><br>
 
−
<small><i>(Succeeded to presidency)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">10</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">April 4, 1841<br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-Tyler-oath_40-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Tyler-oath-40">[k]</a></sup></span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1845</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyler_Daguerreotype_crop_(restoration).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Tyler Daguerreotype crop (restoration).jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Tyler_Daguerreotype_crop_(restoration).jpg" width="165" height="214" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tyler_Daguerreotype_crop_%28restoration%29.jpg/248px-Tyler_Daguerreotype_crop_%28restoration%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tyler_Daguerreotype_crop_%28restoration%29.jpg/330px-Tyler_Daguerreotype_crop_%28restoration%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="972"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1790–1862<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 71 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-41">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-42">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-43">[32]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">10th<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#F0C862"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">April 4, 1841</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">September 13, 1841</span></small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant</i></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#DDDDDD"></td>
 
−
<td><i>Unaffiliated</i><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">September 13, 1841</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1845</span></small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-Tyler-party_44-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Tyler-party-44">[l]</a></sup></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">11</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1845</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1849</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JKP.tif" class="image"><img alt="JKP.tif" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/lossy-page1-165px-JKP.tif.jpg" width="165" height="238" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/JKP.tif/lossy-page1-248px-JKP.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/JKP.tif/lossy-page1-330px-JKP.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="2440"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1795–1849<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 53 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-45">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-46">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-47">[35]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">9th<br>
 
−
Governor of Tennessee</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1839–1841)</small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1844" title="United States presidential election, 1844">1844</a>)</small><br>
 
−
15<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_K._Polk" title="Inauguration of James K. Polk">1845</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td>12</td>
 
−
<td><br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1849</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">July 9, 1850</span><br>
 
−
<small><i>(Died in office)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.png" class="image"><img alt="Zachary Taylor restored and cropped.png" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.png" width="165" height="217" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.png/248px-Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.png/330px-Zachary_Taylor_restored_and_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1026"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1784–1850<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 65 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-48">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-49">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-50">[38]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Regiment (United States)">1st Infantry Regiment</a><br>
 
−
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1846–1849)<br>
 
−
<i>(No prior elected office)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#F0C862"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1848" title="United States presidential election, 1848">1848</a>)</small><br>
 
−
16<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Zachary_Taylor" title="Inauguration of Zachary Taylor">1849</a>)<br>
 
−
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Inauguration of Millard Fillmore">1850</a>)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-intraterm_39-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-intraterm-39">[j]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a><br>
 
−
<small><i>(Succeeded to presidency)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">13</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">July 9, 1850<br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-Fillmore-oath_51-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Fillmore-oath-51">[m]</a></sup></span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1853</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Millard_Fillmore_by_Brady_Studio_1855-65-crop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Millard Fillmore by Brady Studio 1855-65-crop.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Millard_Fillmore_by_Brady_Studio_1855-65-crop.jpg" width="165" height="231" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Millard_Fillmore_by_Brady_Studio_1855-65-crop.jpg/248px-Millard_Fillmore_by_Brady_Studio_1855-65-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Millard_Fillmore_by_Brady_Studio_1855-65-crop.jpg/330px-Millard_Fillmore_by_Brady_Studio_1855-65-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="2334"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1800–1874<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 74 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-52">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-53">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-54">[41]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">12th<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#F0C862"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant</i></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">14</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1853</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1857</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franklin_Pierce_-_Cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Franklin Pierce - Cropped.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Franklin_Pierce_-_Cropped.jpg" width="165" height="202" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Franklin_Pierce_-_Cropped.jpg/248px-Franklin_Pierce_-_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Franklin_Pierce_-_Cropped.jpg/330px-Franklin_Pierce_-_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1733"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1804–1869<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 64 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-55">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-56">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-57">[44]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="9th Infantry Regiment (United States)">9th Infantry</a><br>
 
−
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1847–1848)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1852" title="United States presidential election, 1852">1852</a>)</small><br>
 
−
17<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Inauguration of Franklin Pierce">1853</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">April 18, 1853</span><br>
 
−
<i>(Died in office)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant<br>
 
−
<small>(Balance of King's term)</small></i></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">15</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1857</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1861</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Buchanan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="James Buchanan.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-James_Buchanan.jpg" width="165" height="179" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/248px-James_Buchanan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/James_Buchanan.jpg/330px-James_Buchanan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="682"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1791–1868<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 77 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-58">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-59">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-60">[47]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">United States Minister</a> to the<br>
 
−
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_St_James%27s" title="Court of St James&#39;s">Court of St James's</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1853–1856)</small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1856" title="United States presidential election, 1856">1856</a>)</small><br>
 
−
18<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_Buchanan" title="Inauguration of James Buchanan">1857</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">16</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1861</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">April 15, 1865</span><br>
 
−
<small><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Died in office</a>)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg" width="165" height="207" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/248px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="693"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1809–1865<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 56 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-61">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-62">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-63">[50]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Illinois&#39;s 7th congressional district">Illinois's 7th District</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1847–1849)</small></td>
 
−
<td style="background:#f33;"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a><br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a>)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-union_64-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-union-64">[n]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1860" title="United States presidential election, 1860">1860</a>)</small><br>
 
−
19<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">1861</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1861</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1865</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#B22222"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1864" title="United States presidential election, 1864">1864</a>)</small><br>
 
−
20<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">1865</a>)<br>
 
−
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Inauguration of Andrew Johnson">1865</a>)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-intraterm_39-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-intraterm-39">[j]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">April 15, 1865</span><br>
 
−
<i>(Succeeded to presidency)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">17</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">April 15, 1865</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1869</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders,_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Andrew Johnson photo portrait head and shoulders, c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders,_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg" width="165" height="212" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/248px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/330px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2634"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1808–1875<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 66 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-65">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-66">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-67">[53]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">16th<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#B22222"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">April 15, 1865</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1868</span></span></small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant</i></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1868</span></span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1869</span></small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson-party_68-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Johnson-party-68">[o]</a></sup></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">18</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1869</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1877</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Ulysses S Grant by Brady c1870-restored.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg" width="165" height="206" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg/248px-Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg/330px-Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="2518"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1822–1885<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 63 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-69">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-70">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-71">[56]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General <span style="white-space:nowrap;">of the U.S. Army</span></a><br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_as_commanding_general,_1865%E2%80%931869" title="Ulysses S. Grant as commanding general, 1865–1869">1864–1869</a>)<br>
 
−
<i>(No prior elected office)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1868" title="United States presidential election, 1868">1868</a>)</small><br>
 
−
21<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant">1869</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1869</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1873</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1872" title="United States presidential election, 1872">1872</a>)</small><br>
 
−
22<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant">1873</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1873</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">November 22, 1875</span><br>
 
−
<i>(Died in office)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant<br>
 
−
<small>(Balance of Wilson's term)</small></i></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">19</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1877</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1881</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880_Restored.jpg" class="image"><img alt="President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880 Restored.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880_Restored.jpg" width="165" height="201" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880_Restored.jpg/248px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880_Restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880_Restored.jpg/330px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880_Restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="3688"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1822–1893<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 70 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-72">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-73">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-74">[59]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">29th &amp; 32nd<br>
 
−
Governor of Ohio</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1868–1872 &amp; 1876–1877)</small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1876" title="United States presidential election, 1876">1876</a>)</small><br>
 
−
23<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td>20</td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1881</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">September 19, 1881</span><br>
 
−
<small><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Died in office</a>)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Abram_Garfield,_photo_portrait_seated.jpg" class="image"><img alt="James Abram Garfield, photo portrait seated.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-James_Abram_Garfield,_photo_portrait_seated.jpg" width="165" height="209" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg/248px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg/330px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3182" data-file-height="4034"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1831–1881<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 49 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-75">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-76">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-77">[62]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio&#39;s 19th congressional district">Ohio's 19th District</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1863–1881)</small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1880" title="United States presidential election, 1880">1880</a>)</small><br>
 
−
24<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Inauguration of James A. Garfield">1881</a>)<br>
 
−
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur">1881</a>)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-intraterm_39-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-intraterm-39">[j]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a><br>
 
−
<small><i>(Succeeded to presidency)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">21</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">September 19, 1881<br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-Arthur-oath_78-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Arthur-oath-78">[p]</a></sup></span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1885</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Chester Alan Arthur.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg" width="165" height="191" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg/248px-Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg/330px-Chester_Alan_Arthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="3206"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1829–1886<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 57 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-79">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-80">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-81">[65]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">20th<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant</i></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">22</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1885</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1889</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Grover Cleveland - NARA - 518139 (cropped).jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_(cropped).jpg" width="165" height="213" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29.jpg/248px-Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="2959"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1837–1908<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 71 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-HIS-grover_82-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-HIS-grover-82">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP=grover_83-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-AP=grover-83">[67]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">28th<br>
 
−
Governor of New York</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1883–1885)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1884" title="United States presidential election, 1884">1884</a>)</small><br>
 
−
25<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="First inauguration of Grover Cleveland">1885</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">November 25, 1885</span><br>
 
−
<i>(Died in office)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant<br>
 
−
<small>(Balance of Hendricks's term)</small></i></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">23</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1889</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1893</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_Harrison,_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo,_1896.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Benjamin Harrison, head and shoulders bw photo, 1896.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Benjamin_Harrison,_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo,_1896.jpg" width="165" height="209" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg/248px-Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Harrison%2C_head_and_shoulders_bw_photo%2C_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="3282"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1833–1901<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 67 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-84">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-85">[69]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-86">[70]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <span class="detail 2" style="display: none;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>)</span> <span class="detail 1" style="white-space:nowrap;">from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></span><br>
 
−
<small>(1881–1887)</small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1888" title="United States presidential election, 1888">1888</a>)</small><br>
 
−
26<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison">1889</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">24</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1893</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1897</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Grover Cleveland - NARA - 518139 (cropped).jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_(cropped).jpg" width="165" height="213" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29.jpg/248px-Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Grover_Cleveland_-_NARA_-_518139_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="2959"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1837–1908<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 71 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-HIS-grover_82-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-HIS-grover-82">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP=grover_83-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-AP=grover-83">[67]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">22nd<br>
 
−
President of the United States</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1885–1889)</small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1892" title="United States presidential election, 1892">1892</a>)</small><br>
 
−
27<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland">1893</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">25</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1897</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">September 14, 1901</span><br>
 
−
<small><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Died in office</a>)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mckinley.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Mckinley.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Mckinley.jpg" width="165" height="197" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mckinley.jpg/248px-Mckinley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mckinley.jpg/330px-Mckinley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2719" data-file-height="3240"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1843–1901<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 58 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-87">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-88">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-89">[73]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">39th<br>
 
−
Governor of Ohio</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1892–1896)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1896" title="United States presidential election, 1896">1896</a>)</small><br>
 
−
28<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_William_McKinley" title="First inauguration of William McKinley">1897</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1897</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">November 21, 1899</span><br>
 
−
<i>(Died in office)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant<br>
 
−
<small>(Balance of Hobart's term)</small></i></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1900" title="United States presidential election, 1900">1900</a>)</small><br>
 
−
29<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_William_McKinley" title="Second inauguration of William McKinley">1901</a>)<br>
 
−
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">1901</a>)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-intraterm_39-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-intraterm-39">[j]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">September 14, 1901<br>
 
−
<i>(Succeeded to presidency)</i></span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">26</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">September 14, 1901</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1909</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Roosevelt_-_Pach_Bros.tif" class="image"><img alt="President Roosevelt - Pach Bros.tif" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/lossy-page1-165px-President_Roosevelt_-_Pach_Bros.tif.jpg" width="165" height="233" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/President_Roosevelt_-_Pach_Bros.tif/lossy-page1-248px-President_Roosevelt_-_Pach_Bros.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/President_Roosevelt_-_Pach_Bros.tif/lossy-page1-330px-President_Roosevelt_-_Pach_Bros.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="3633"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1858–1919<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 60 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-90">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-91">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-92">[76]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">25th<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant</i><br>
 
−
<small><span class="nowrap">September 14, 1901</span> – <span class="nowrap">March 4, 1905</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1904" title="United States presidential election, 1904">1904</a>)</small><br>
 
−
30<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">1905</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1905</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1909</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">27</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1909</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1913</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft,_head-and-shoulders_portrait,_facing_front.tif" class="image"><img alt="William Howard Taft, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing front.tif" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/lossy-page1-165px-William_Howard_Taft,_head-and-shoulders_portrait,_facing_front.tif.jpg" width="165" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/William_Howard_Taft%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_front.tif/lossy-page1-248px-William_Howard_Taft%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_front.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/William_Howard_Taft%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_front.tif/lossy-page1-330px-William_Howard_Taft%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_front.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2595" data-file-height="3460"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1857–1930<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 72 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-93">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-94">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-95">[79]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">42nd<br>
 
−
United States Secretary of War</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1904–1908)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1908" title="United States presidential election, 1908">1908</a>)</small><br>
 
−
31<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">1909</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1909</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">October 30, 1912</span><br>
 
−
<i>(Died in office)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant<br>
 
−
<small>(Balance of Sherman's term)</small></i></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">28</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1913</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1921</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woodrow_Wilson-H%26E.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Woodrow Wilson-H&amp;E.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Woodrow_Wilson-H&amp;E.jpg" width="165" height="214" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Woodrow_Wilson-H%26E.jpg/248px-Woodrow_Wilson-H%26E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Woodrow_Wilson-H%26E.jpg/330px-Woodrow_Wilson-H%26E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="2988"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1856–1924<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 67 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-96">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-97">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-98">[82]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">34th<br>
 
−
Governor of New Jersey</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1911–1913)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1912" title="United States presidential election, 1912">1912</a>)</small><br>
 
−
32<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">1913</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1916" title="United States presidential election, 1916">1916</a>)</small><br>
 
−
33<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson">1917</a>)</small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">29</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1921</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">August 2, 1923</span><br>
 
−
<small><i>(Died in office)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Warren G Harding-Harris &amp; Ewing.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Warren_G_Harding-Harris_&amp;_Ewing.jpg" width="165" height="224" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg/248px-Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg/330px-Warren_G_Harding-Harris_%26_Ewing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3165" data-file-height="4302"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1865–1923<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 57 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-99">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-100">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-101">[85]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <span class="detail 2" style="display: none;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 3</a>)</span> <span class="detail 1" style="white-space:nowrap;">from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></span><br>
 
−
<small>(1915–1921)</small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1920" title="United States presidential election, 1920">1920</a>)</small><br>
 
−
34<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Inauguration of Warren G. Harding">1921</a>)<br>
 
−
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">1923</a>)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-intraterm_39-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-intraterm-39">[j]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a><br>
 
−
<small><i>(Succeeded to presidency)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">30</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">August 2, 1923<br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-Coolidge-oath_102-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Coolidge-oath-102">[q]</a></sup></span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1929</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calvin_Coolidge,_bw_head_and_shoulders_photo_portrait_seated,_1919.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Calvin Coolidge, bw head and shoulders photo portrait seated, 1919.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Calvin_Coolidge,_bw_head_and_shoulders_photo_portrait_seated,_1919.jpg" width="165" height="212" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Calvin_Coolidge%2C_bw_head_and_shoulders_photo_portrait_seated%2C_1919.jpg/248px-Calvin_Coolidge%2C_bw_head_and_shoulders_photo_portrait_seated%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Calvin_Coolidge%2C_bw_head_and_shoulders_photo_portrait_seated%2C_1919.jpg/330px-Calvin_Coolidge%2C_bw_head_and_shoulders_photo_portrait_seated%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1520"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1872–1933<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 60 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-103">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-104">[87]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-105">[88]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">29th<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant</i><br>
 
−
<small><span class="nowrap">August 2, 1923</span> – <span class="nowrap">March 4, 1925</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1924" title="United States presidential election, 1924">1924</a>)</small><br>
 
−
35<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge">1925</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1925</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1929</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">31</a></td>
 
−
<td><br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1929</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1933</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Hoover_portrait.tif" class="image"><img alt="President Hoover portrait.tif" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/lossy-page1-165px-President_Hoover_portrait.tif.jpg" width="165" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/President_Hoover_portrait.tif/lossy-page1-248px-President_Hoover_portrait.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/President_Hoover_portrait.tif/lossy-page1-330px-President_Hoover_portrait.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1448"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1874–1964<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 90 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-106">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-107">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-108">[91]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">3rd<br>
 
−
United States Secretary of Commerce</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1921–1928)<br>
 
−
<i>(No prior elected office)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1928" title="United States presidential election, 1928">1928</a>)</small><br>
 
−
36<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">1929</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">32</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4">March 4, 1933<br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
April 12, 1945<br>
 
−
<small><i>(Died in office)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.tif" class="image"><img alt="FDR 1944 Color Portrait.tif" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/lossy-page1-165px-FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.tif.jpg" width="165" height="238" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.tif/lossy-page1-248px-FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.tif/lossy-page1-330px-FDR_1944_Color_Portrait.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="3969"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1882–1945<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 63 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-109">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-110">[93]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-111">[94]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">44th<br>
 
−
Governor of New York</a><br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorship_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Governorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1929–1932</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4" class="category"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1932" title="United States presidential election, 1932">1932</a>)</small><br>
 
−
37<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">March 4, 1933</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1941</span></small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-Amendment_XX-term_112-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-Amendment_XX-term-112">[r]</a></sup></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1936" title="United States presidential election, 1936">1936</a>)</small><br>
 
−
38<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1937</a>)</small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1940" title="United States presidential election, 1940">1940</a>)</small><br>
 
−
39<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1941</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1941</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1945</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1944" title="United States presidential election, 1944">1944</a>)</small><br>
 
−
40<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1945</a>)<br>
 
−
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="First inauguration of Harry S. Truman">1945</a>)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-intraterm_39-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-intraterm-39">[j]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">April 12, 1945</span><br>
 
−
<i>(Succeeded to presidency)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">33</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">April 12, 1945</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1953</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truman_58-766-09.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Truman 58-766-09.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Truman_58-766-09.jpg" width="165" height="231" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Truman_58-766-09.jpg/248px-Truman_58-766-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Truman_58-766-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="391"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1884–1972<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 88 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-113">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-114">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-115">[97]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">34th<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant</i><br>
 
−
<small><span class="nowrap">April 12, 1945</span> – <span class="nowrap">January 20, 1949</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1948" title="United States presidential election, 1948">1948</a>)</small><br>
 
−
41<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman">1949</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1949</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1953</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">34</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1953</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1961</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Eisenhower_Portrait_1959.tif" class="image"><img alt="President Eisenhower Portrait 1959.tif" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/lossy-page1-165px-President_Eisenhower_Portrait_1959.tif.jpg" width="165" height="205" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/President_Eisenhower_Portrait_1959.tif/lossy-page1-248px-President_Eisenhower_Portrait_1959.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/President_Eisenhower_Portrait_1959.tif/lossy-page1-330px-President_Eisenhower_Portrait_1959.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="3452"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1890–1969<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 78 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-116">[98]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-117">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-118">[100]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Supreme Allied Commander Europe</a><br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1949–1952</a>)<br>
 
−
<i>(No prior elected office)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1952" title="United States presidential election, 1952">1952</a>)</small><br>
 
−
42<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1956" title="United States presidential election, 1956">1956</a>)</small><br>
 
−
43<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1957</a>)</small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">35</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1961</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">November 22, 1963</span><br>
 
−
<small><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Died in office</a>)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" width="165" height="214" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/248px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/330px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1840"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1917–1963<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 46 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-119">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-120">[102]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-121">[103]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <span class="detail 2" style="display: none;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>)</span> <span class="detail 1" style="white-space:nowrap;">from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></span><br>
 
−
<small>(1953–1960)</small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1960" title="United States presidential election, 1960">1960</a>)</small><br>
 
−
44<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">1961</a>)<br>
 
−
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963</a>)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-intraterm_39-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-intraterm-39">[j]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a><br>
 
−
<small><i>(Succeeded to presidency)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">36</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">November 22, 1963</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1969</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" class="image"><img alt="37 Lyndon Johnson 3x4.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" width="165" height="219" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/248px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/330px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1228"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1908–1973<br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 64 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-122">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-123">[105]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">37th<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant</i><br>
 
−
<small><span class="nowrap">November 22, 1963</span> – <span class="nowrap">January 20, 1965</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1964" title="United States presidential election, 1964">1964</a>)</small><br>
 
−
45<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">1965</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1965</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1969</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">37</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1969</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">August 9, 1974</span><br>
 
−
<small><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Richard_Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation of Richard Nixon">Resigned from office</a>)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_M._Nixon,_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.tif" class="image"><img alt="Richard M. Nixon, ca. 1935 - 1982 - NARA - 530679.tif" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/lossy-page1-165px-Richard_M._Nixon,_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.tif.jpg" width="165" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.tif/lossy-page1-248px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2425" data-file-height="2946"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1913–<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and funeral of Richard Nixon">1994</a><br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 81 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-124">[106]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-125">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-126">[108]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">36th<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1953–1961)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1968" title="United States presidential election, 1968">1968</a>)</small><br>
 
−
46<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">1969</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1969</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">October 10, 1973</span><br>
 
−
<i>(Resigned from office)</i></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="5"><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1972" title="United States presidential election, 1972">1972</a>)</small><br>
 
−
47<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">1973</a>)<br>
 
−
(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">1974</a>)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-intraterm_39-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-intraterm-39">[j]</a></sup></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant</i><br>
 
−
<small><span class="nowrap">October 10</span> – <span class="nowrap">December 6, 1973</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">December 6, 1973</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">August 9, 1974<br>
 
−
<i>(Succeeded to presidency)</i></span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">38</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">August 9, 1974</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1977</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_-_NARA_-_530680.tif" class="image"><img alt="Gerald Ford - NARA - 530680.tif" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/lossy-page1-165px-Gerald_Ford_-_NARA_-_530680.tif.jpg" width="165" height="222" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gerald_Ford_-_NARA_-_530680.tif/lossy-page1-248px-Gerald_Ford_-_NARA_-_530680.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gerald_Ford_-_NARA_-_530680.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Gerald_Ford_-_NARA_-_530680.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2201" data-file-height="2958"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1913–<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">2006</a><br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 93 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-127">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-128">[110]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-129">[111]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">40th<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background:#ececec;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;"><i>Office vacant</i><br>
 
−
<small><span class="nowrap">August 9</span> – <span class="nowrap">December 19, 1974</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a><br>
 
−
<small><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">December 19, 1974</span> – <span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1977</span></small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">39</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1977</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1981</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg" width="165" height="203" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg/248px-JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg/330px-JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2027"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></big></b><br>
 
−
Born 1924<br>
 
−
<small><i>(93 years old)</i></small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-130">[112]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-131">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-132">[114]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Georgia">76th<br>
 
−
Governor of Georgia</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1971–1975)</small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1976" title="United States presidential election, 1976">1976</a>)</small><br>
 
−
48<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">1977</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">40</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1981</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1989</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg" width="165" height="206" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/248px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/330px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="3000"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></big></b><br>
 
−
1911–<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">2004</a><br>
 
−
<small>(Lived: 93 years)</small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-133">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-134">[116]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-135">[117]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">33rd<br>
 
−
Governor of California</a><br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorship_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Governorship of Ronald Reagan">1967–1975</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1980" title="United States presidential election, 1980">1980</a>)</small><br>
 
−
49<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">1981</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1984" title="United States presidential election, 1984">1984</a>)</small><br>
 
−
50<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">1985</a>)</small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">41</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1989</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1993</span></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush,_President_of_the_United_States,_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="George H. W. Bush, President of the United States, 1989 official portrait cropped.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-George_H._W._Bush,_President_of_the_United_States,_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg" width="165" height="225" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/George_H._W._Bush%2C_President_of_the_United_States%2C_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg/248px-George_H._W._Bush%2C_President_of_the_United_States%2C_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/George_H._W._Bush%2C_President_of_the_United_States%2C_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg/330px-George_H._W._Bush%2C_President_of_the_United_States%2C_1989_official_portrait_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1741"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></big></b><br>
 
−
Born 1924<br>
 
−
<small><i>(93 years old)</i></small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-136">[118]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-137">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-138">[120]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">43rd<br>
 
−
Vice President of the United States</a></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1988" title="United States presidential election, 1988">1988</a>)</small><br>
 
−
51<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">1989</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">42</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 1993</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 2001</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Bill Clinton.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" width="165" height="215" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/248px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/330px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></big></b><br>
 
−
Born 1946<br>
 
−
<small><i>(71 years old)</i></small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-139">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-140">[122]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-141">[123]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Arkansas">40th &amp; 42nd<br>
 
−
Governor of Arkansas</a><br>
 
−
<small>(1979–1981 &amp; 1983–1992)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1992" title="United States presidential election, 1992">1992</a>)</small><br>
 
−
52<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1993</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1996" title="United States presidential election, 1996">1996</a>)</small><br>
 
−
53<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">1997</a>)</small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">43</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 2001</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 2009</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George-W-Bush.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="George-W-Bush.jpeg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" width="165" height="218" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/248px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/330px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></big></b><br>
 
−
Born 1946<br>
 
−
<small><i>(71 years old)</i></small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-142">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-143">[125]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">46th<br>
 
−
Governor of Texas</a><br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">1995–2000</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="United States presidential election, 2000">2000</a>)</small><br>
 
−
54<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">2001</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2004" title="United States presidential election, 2004">2004</a>)</small><br>
 
−
55<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2005</a>)</small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">44</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 2009</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 2017</span></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Obama_portrait_crop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Obama portrait crop.jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Obama_portrait_crop.jpg" width="165" height="222" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Obama_portrait_crop.jpg/248px-Obama_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Obama_portrait_crop.jpg/330px-Obama_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="2074"></a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></big></b><br>
 
−
Born 1961<br>
 
−
<small><i>(56 years old)</i></small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-144">[126]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-145">[127]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <span class="detail 2" style="display: none;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 3</a>)</span> <span class="detail 1" style="white-space:nowrap;">from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></span><br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">2005–2008</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#3333FF"></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008</a>)</small><br>
 
−
56<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012" title="United States presidential election, 2012">2012</a>)</small><br>
 
−
57<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013</a>)</small></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidency of Donald Trump">45</a></td>
 
−
<td><span class="date" style="white-space:nowrap;">January 20, 2017</span><br>
 
−
–<br>
 
−
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/165px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg" width="165" height="228" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/248px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="2096"></a></td>
 
−
<td><b><big><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></big></b><br>
 
−
Born 1946<br>
 
−
<small><i>(71 years old)</i></small><br>
 
−
<sup id="cite_ref-whousetrump_146-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-whousetrump-146">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-147">[129]</a></sup></td>
 
−
<td>Chairman of<br>
 
−
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trump_Organization" title="The Trump Organization">The Trump Organization</a><br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Business career of Donald Trump">1971–2017</a>)<br>
 
−
<i>(No prior elected office)</i></small></td>
 
−
<td style="background-color:#E81B23"></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
 
−
<td><small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="United States presidential election, 2016">2016</a>)</small><br>
 
−
58<br>
 
−
<small>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Inauguration of Donald Trump">2017</a>)</small></td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
</tbody></table>
 
−
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Subsequent_public_office">Subsequent public office</span></h2>
 
−
<p>Four presidents held other high U.S. federal offices after leaving the presidency.</p>
 
−
<table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none;">
 
−
<tbody><tr>
 
−
<th>President</th>
 
−
<th colspan="2">Presidency<sup id="cite_ref-No_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-No-3">[a]</a></sup></th>
 
−
<th>Subsequent service</th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td nowrap="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></td>
 
−
<td>6</td>
 
−
<td style="text-align:center;">1825–1829</td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> (1831–1848)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></td>
 
−
<td>17</td>
 
−
<td style="text-align:center;">1865–1869</td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> (1875)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></td>
 
−
<td>22</td>
 
−
<td style="text-align:center;">1885–1889</td>
 
−
<td>24th <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1893–1897)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></td>
 
−
<td>27</td>
 
−
<td style="text-align:center;">1909–1913</td>
 
−
<td>10th <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> (1921–1930)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
</tbody></table>
 
−
<p>Several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U.S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency.</p>
 
−
<table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none;">
 
−
<tbody><tr>
 
−
<th>President</th>
 
−
<th colspan="2">Presidency<sup id="cite_ref-No_3-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_note-No-3">[a]</a></sup></th>
 
−
<th>Office sought unsuccessfully</th>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td nowrap="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></td>
 
−
<td>6</td>
 
−
<td style="text-align:center;">1825–1829</td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams#Later_congressional_career_(1830%E2%80%931848)" title="John Quincy Adams">1833</a>)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2">8</td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">1837–1841</td>
 
−
<td>President of the United States (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844</a>)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td>President of the United States (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1848" title="United States presidential election, 1848">1848</a>)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></td>
 
−
<td>13</td>
 
−
<td style="text-align:center;">1850–1853</td>
 
−
<td>President of the United States (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1856" title="United States presidential election, 1856">1856</a>)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td rowspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2">17</td>
 
−
<td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">1865–1869</td>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1870_and_1871" title="United States Senate elections, 1870 and 1871">1870</a>)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1872" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1872">1872</a>)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></td>
 
−
<td>18</td>
 
−
<td style="text-align:center;">1869–1877</td>
 
−
<td>President of the United States (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880</a>)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></td>
 
−
<td>26</td>
 
−
<td style="text-align:center;">1901–1909</td>
 
−
<td>President of the United States (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1912" title="United States presidential election, 1912">1912</a>)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr>
 
−
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></td>
 
−
<td>31</td>
 
−
<td style="text-align:center;">1929–1933</td>
 
−
<td>President of the United States (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940</a>)</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
</tbody></table>
 
−
<p>Additionally, one former president, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, served in the government of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederate States</a> during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Tyler served in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Confederate_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Confederate States Congress">Provisional Confederate Congress</a> from 1861 to 1862. He was elected to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Congress of the Confederate States">Confederate House of Representatives</a> in November 1861, but died before he could take his seat.</p>
 
−
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
 
−
<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
 
−
<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
 
−
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/28px-P_vip.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li>
 
−
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="flag" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="32" height="17" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li>
 
−
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/28px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/42px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/56px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Government_of_the_United_States" title="Portal:Government of the United States">Government of the United States portal</a></span></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</div>
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting President of the United States">Acting President of the United States</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Continental_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Continental Congress">List of Presidents of the Continental Congress</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
 
−
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
 
−
<ol class="references">
 
−
<li id="cite_note-No-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-No_3-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-No_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-No_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-office-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-office_4-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Listed here is the most recent office (either with a U.S. state, the federal government, or a private corporation) held by the individual prior to becoming president.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-2Party-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-2Party_5-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Three presidents are counted above with multiple political affiliations: John Tyler (Whig, <i>Unaffiliated</i>), Abraham Lincoln (Republican, National Union), and Andrew Johnson (National Union, Democratic).</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-term-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-term_6-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Listed and numbered here are the elections and inaugurations that constitute a presidential term.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-Washington-term-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-Washington-term_7-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to logistical delays, instead of being inaugurated on March 4, 1789, the date scheduled for operations of the federal government under the new Constitution to begin, Washington's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days later. As a result, his first term was only 1,404 days long (as opposed to the usual 1,461), and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-Adams-party-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-Adams-party_11-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-Adams-term-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-Adams-term_12-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to logistical delays, Adams assumed the office of Vice President 1 month and 17 days after the March 4, 1789 scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 1,413 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who neither died in office nor resigned.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-Jefferson-party-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-Jefferson-party_16-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-Calhoun-party-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-Calhoun-party_32-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier Party</a> in 1828 to oppose the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of 1828</a> and advance the cause of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States&#39; rights">states' rights</a>, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-intraterm-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-intraterm_39-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-intraterm_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-intraterm_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-intraterm_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-intraterm_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-intraterm_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-intraterm_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-intraterm_39-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-intraterm_39-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Intra-term extraordinary inauguration.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-Tyler-oath-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-Tyler-oath_40-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Tyler was sworn in as president on April 6, 1841.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-Tyler-party-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-Tyler-party_44-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Tyler, a former Democrat, ran for vice president on the Whig Party ticket with Harrison in 1840. Tyler's policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-Fillmore-oath-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-Fillmore-oath_51-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millard Fillmore was sworn in as president on July 10, 1850.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-union-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-union_64-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">electoral alliance</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a> by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-Johnson-party-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-Johnson-party_68-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Democrat Andrew Johnson ran for vice president on the National Union Party ticket with Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-Arthur-oath-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-Arthur-oath_78-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chester A. Arthur was initially sworn in as president on September 20, 1881, and then again on September 22.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-Coolidge-oath-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-Coolidge-oath_102-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvin Coolidge was initially sworn in as president on August 3, 1923, and then again on August 21.</span></li>
 
−
<li id="cite_note-Amendment_XX-term-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-Amendment_XX-term_112-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> (ratified on January 23, 1933) moved <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a> from March 4 to January 20, beginning in 1937. As a result, Garner's first term in office was 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term.</span></li>
 
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</ol>
 
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</div>
 
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
 
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<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
 
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
 
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<ol class="references">
 
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-1"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html">"The Constitution: Amendments 11–27"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">U.S. National Archives &amp; Records Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Constitution%3A+Amendments+11%E2%80%9327&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+National+Archives+%26+Records+Administration&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fconstitution_amendments_11-27.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-GWpps-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-GWpps_2-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-GWpps_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/31/george-washingtons-views-political-parties-america/">"George Washington's views on political parties in America"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+views+on+political+parties+in+America&amp;rft.pub=%27%27The+Washington+Times%27%27&amp;rft.date=2014-12-31&amp;rft.aulast=Jamison&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2Fdec%2F31%2Fgeorge-washingtons-views-political-parties-america%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-8"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/georgewashington">"George Washington"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=George+Washington&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fgeorgewashington&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-9"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-washington">"George Washington"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=George+Washington&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fgeorge-washington&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-10"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?121783-1/life-portrait-george-washington">"Life Portrait of George Washington"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portraits&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+George+Washington&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F121783-1%2Flife-portrait-george-washington&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-13"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/johnadams">"John Adams"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=John+Adams&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fjohnadams&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-14"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/john-adams">"John Adams"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History&amp;rft.atitle=John+Adams&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fjohn-adams&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-15"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?121951-1/life-portrait-john-adams">"Life Portrait of John Adams"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+John+Adams&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F121951-1%2Flife-portrait-john-adams&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-17"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/thomasjefferson">"Thomas Jefferson"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fthomasjefferson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-18"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/thomas-jefferson">"Thomas Jefferson"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fthomas-jefferson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-19"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?121787-1/life-portrait-thomas-jefferson">"Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Thomas+Jefferson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F121787-1%2Flife-portrait-thomas-jefferson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-20"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/jamesmadison">"James Madison"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=James+Madison&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fjamesmadison&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-21"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-madison">"James Madison"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=James+Madison&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fjames-madison&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-22"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?122316-1/life-portrait-james-madison">"Life Portrait of James Madison"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+James+Madison&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F122316-1%2Flife-portrait-james-madison&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-23"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/jamesmonroe">"James Monroe"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=James+Monroe&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fjamesmonroe&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-24"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-monroe">"James Monroe"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=James+Monroe&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fjames-monroe&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-25"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?122387-1/life-portrait-james-monroe">"Life Portrait of James Monroe"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+James+Monroe&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F122387-1%2Flife-portrait-james-monroe&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-26"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/johnquincyadams">"John Quincy Adams"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=John+Quincy+Adams&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fjohnquincyadams&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-27"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/john-quincy-adams">"John Quincy Adams"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=John+Quincy+Adams&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fjohn-quincy-adams&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-28"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?122555-1/life-portrait-john-quincy-adams">"Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+John+Quincy+Adams&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F122555-1%2Flife-portrait-john-quincy-adams&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-29"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/andrewjackson">"Andrew Jackson"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Andrew+Jackson&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fandrewjackson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-30"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/andrew-jackson">"Andrew Jackson"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Andrew+Jackson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fandrew-jackson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-31"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?122792-1/life-portrait-andrew-jackson">"Life Portrait of Andrew Jackson"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Andrew+Jackson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F122792-1%2Flife-portrait-andrew-jackson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-33"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/martinvanburen">"Martin Van Buren"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Martin+Van+Buren&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fmartinvanburen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-34"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/martin-van-buren">"Martin Van Buren"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Martin+Van+Buren&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fmartin-van-buren&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-35"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?122988-1/life-portrait-martin-van-buren">"Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Martin+Van+Buren&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F122988-1%2Flife-portrait-martin-van-buren&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-36"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/williamhenryharrison">"William Henry Harrison"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=William+Henry+Harrison&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fwilliamhenryharrison&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-37"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/william-henry-harrison">"William Henry Harrison"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=William+Henry+Harrison&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fwilliam-henry-harrison&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-38"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?123123-1/life-portrait-william-henry-harrison">"Life Portrait of William Henry Harrison"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+William+Henry+Harrison&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F123123-1%2Flife-portrait-william-henry-harrison&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-41"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/johntyler">"John Tyler"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=John+Tyler&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fjohntyler&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-42"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/john-tyler">"John Tyler"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=John+Tyler&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fjohn-tyler&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-43"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?123380-1/life-portrait-john-tyler">"Life Portrait of John Tyler"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+John+Tyler&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F123380-1%2Flife-portrait-john-tyler&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-45"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/jamespolk">"James K. Polk"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=James+K.+Polk&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fjamespolk&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-46"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-polk">"James K. Polk"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=James+K.+Polk&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fjames-polk&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-47"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?123943-1/life-portrait-james-k-polk">"Life Portrait of James K. Polk"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+James+K.+Polk&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F123943-1%2Flife-portrait-james-k-polk&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-48"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/zacharytaylor">"Zachary Taylor"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Zachary+Taylor&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fzacharytaylor&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-49"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/zachary-taylor">"Zachary Taylor"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Zachary+Taylor&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fzachary-taylor&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-50"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?123944-1/life-portrait-zachary-taylor">"Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Zachary+Taylor&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F123944-1%2Flife-portrait-zachary-taylor&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-52"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/millardfillmore">"Millard Fillmore"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Millard+Fillmore&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fmillardfillmore&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-53"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/millard-fillmore">"Millard Fillmore"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Millard+Fillmore&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fmillard-fillmore&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-54"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?124976-1/life-portrait-millard-fillmore">"Life Portrait of Millard Fillmore"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Millard+Fillmore&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F124976-1%2Flife-portrait-millard-fillmore&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-55"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/franklinpierce">"Franklin Pierce"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Franklin+Pierce&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Ffranklinpierce&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-56"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/franklin-pierce">"Franklin Pierce"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Franklin+Pierce&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Ffranklin-pierce&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-57"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?125004-1/life-portrait-franklin-pierce">"Life Portrait of Franklin Pierce"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Franklin+Pierce&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F125004-1%2Flife-portrait-franklin-pierce&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-58"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/jamesbuchanan">"James Buchanan"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=James+Buchanan&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fjamesbuchanan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-59"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-buchanan">"James Buchanan"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=James+Buchanan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fjames-buchanan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-60"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?125214-1/life-portrait-james-buchanan">"Life Portrait of James Buchanan"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+James+Buchanan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F125214-1%2Flife-portrait-james-buchanan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-61"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/abrahamlincoln">"Abraham Lincoln"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fabrahamlincoln&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-62"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/abraham-lincoln">"Abraham Lincoln"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fabraham-lincoln&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-63"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?125640-1/life-portrait-abraham-lincoln">"Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Abraham+Lincoln&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F125640-1%2Flife-portrait-abraham-lincoln&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-65"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/andrewjohnson">"Andrew Johnson"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Andrew+Johnson&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fandrewjohnson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-66"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/andrew-johnson">"Andrew Johnson"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Andrew+Johnson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fandrew-johnson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-67"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?150104-1/life-portrait-andrew-johnson">"Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Andrew+Johnson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F150104-1%2Flife-portrait-andrew-johnson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-69"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/ulyssessgrant">"Ulysses S. Grant"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Ulysses+S.+Grant&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fulyssessgrant&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-70"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/ulysses-s-grant">"Ulysses S. Grant"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Ulysses+S.+Grant&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fulysses-s-grant&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-71"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?150209-1/life-portrait-ulysses-s-grant">"Life Portrait of Ulysses S. Grant"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Ulysses+S.+Grant&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F150209-1%2Flife-portrait-ulysses-s-grant&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-72"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/rutherfordbhayes">"Rutherford B. Hayes"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Frutherfordbhayes&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-73"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/rutherford-b-hayes">"Rutherford B. Hayes"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Frutherford-b-hayes&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-74"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?150637-1/life-portrait-rutherford-b-hayes">"Life Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F150637-1%2Flife-portrait-rutherford-b-hayes&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-75"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/jamesgarfield">"James Garfield"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=James+Garfield&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fjamesgarfield&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-76"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-a-garfield">"James A. Garfield"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=James+A.+Garfield&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fjames-a-garfield&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-77"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151093-1/life-portrait-james-garfield">"Life Portrait of James Garfield"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+James+Garfield&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151093-1%2Flife-portrait-james-garfield&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-79"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/chesterarthur">"Chester A. Arthur"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Chester+A.+Arthur&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fchesterarthur&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-80"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/chester-a-arthur">"Chester A. Arthur"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Chester+A.+Arthur&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fchester-a-arthur&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-81"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151431-1/life-portrait-chester-arthur">"Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Chester+A.+Arthur&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151431-1%2Flife-portrait-chester-arthur&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-HIS-grover-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-HIS-grover_82-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-HIS-grover_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/grover-cleveland">"Grover Cleveland"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Grover+Cleveland&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fgrover-cleveland&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-AP=grover-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-AP=grover_83-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-AP=grover_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151466-1/life-portrait-grover-cleveland">"Life Portrait of Grover Cleveland"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Grover+Cleveland&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151466-1%2Flife-portrait-grover-cleveland&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-84"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/benjaminharrison">"Benjamin Harrison"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Benjamin+Harrison&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fbenjaminharrison&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-85"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/benjamin-harrison">"Benjamin Harrison"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Benjamin+Harrison&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fbenjamin-harrison&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-86"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151616-1/life-portrait-benjamin-harrison">"Life Portrait of Benjamin Harrison"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Benjamin+Harrison&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151616-1%2Flife-portrait-benjamin-harrison&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-87"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/williammckinley">"William McKinley"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=William+McKinley&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fwilliammckinley&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-88"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/william-mckinley">"William McKinley"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=William+McKinley&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fwilliam-mckinley&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-89"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151617-1/life-portrait-william-mckinley">"Life Portrait of William McKinley"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+William+McKinley&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151617-1%2Flife-portrait-william-mckinley&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-90"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/theodoreroosevelt">"Theodore Roosevelt"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Ftheodoreroosevelt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-91"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/theodore-roosevelt">"Theodore Roosevelt"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Ftheodore-roosevelt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-92"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151618-1/life-portrait-theodore-roosevelt">"Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Theodore+Roosevelt&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151618-1%2Flife-portrait-theodore-roosevelt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-93"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/williamhowardtaft">"William Howard Taft"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=William+Howard+Taft&amp;rft.date=2007-03-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fwilliamhowardtaft&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-94"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/william-howard-taft">"William Howard Taft"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=William+Howard+Taft&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fwilliam-howard-taft&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-95"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151620-1/life-portrait-william-howard-taft">"Life Portrait of William Howard Taft"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+William+Howard+Taft&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151620-1%2Flife-portrait-william-howard-taft&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-96"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/woodrowwilson">"Woodrow Wilson"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Woodrow+Wilson&amp;rft.date=2007-03-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fwoodrowwilson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-97"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/woodrow-wilson">"Woodrow Wilson"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Woodrow+Wilson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fwoodrow-wilson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-98"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151624-1/life-portrait-woodrow-wilson">"Life Portrait of Woodrow Wilson"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Woodrow+Wilson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151624-1%2Flife-portrait-woodrow-wilson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-99"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/warrenharding">"Warren G. Harding"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Warren+G.+Harding&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fwarrenharding&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-100"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/warren-g-harding">"Warren G. Harding"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Warren+G.+Harding&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fwarren-g-harding&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-101"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151625-1/life-portrait-warren-g-harding">"Life Portrait of Warren G. Harding"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Warren+G.+Harding&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151625-1%2Flife-portrait-warren-g-harding&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-103"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/calvincoolidge">"Calvin Coolidge"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Calvin+Coolidge&amp;rft.date=2007-03-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fcalvincoolidge&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-104"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/calvin-coolidge">"Calvin Coolidge"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Calvin+Coolidge&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fcalvin-coolidge&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-105"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151626-1/life-portrait-calvin-coolidge">"Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Calvin+Coolidge&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151626-1%2Flife-portrait-calvin-coolidge&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-106"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/herberthoover">"Herbert Hoover"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Herbert+Hoover&amp;rft.date=2007-03-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fherberthoover&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-107"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/herbert-hoover">"Herbert Hoover"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Herbert+Hoover&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fherbert-hoover&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-108"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151627-1/life-portrait-herbert-hoover">"Life Portrait of Herbert Hoover"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Herbert+Hoover&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151627-1%2Flife-portrait-herbert-hoover&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-109"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/franklindroosevelt">"Franklin D. Roosevelt"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 20, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt&amp;rft.date=2007-03-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Ffranklindroosevelt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-110"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/franklin-d-roosevelt">"Franklin D. Roosevelt"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Ffranklin-d-roosevelt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-111"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151628-1/life-portrait-franklin-d-roosevelt">"Life Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151628-1%2Flife-portrait-franklin-d-roosevelt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-113"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/harrystruman">"Harry S. Truman"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Harry+S.+Truman&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fharrystruman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-114"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/harry-truman">"Harry Truman"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Harry+Truman&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fharry-truman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-115"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151629-1/life-portrait-harry-s-truman">"Life Portrait of Harry S. Truman"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Harry+S.+Truman&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151629-1%2Flife-portrait-harry-s-truman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-116"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/dwightdeisenhower">"Dwight D. Eisenhower"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Dwight+D.+Eisenhower&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fdwightdeisenhower&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-117"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/dwight-d-eisenhower">"Dwight D. Eisenhower"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Dwight+D.+Eisenhower&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fdwight-d-eisenhower&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-118"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151630-1/life-portrait-dwight-d-eisenhower">"Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Dwight+D.+Eisenhower&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151630-1%2Flife-portrait-dwight-d-eisenhower&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-119"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/johnfkennedy">"John F. Kennedy"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=John+F.+Kennedy&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fjohnfkennedy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-120"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/john-f-kennedy">"John F. Kennedy"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=John+F.+Kennedy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fjohn-f-kennedy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-121"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151631-1/life-portrait-john-f-kennedy">"Life Portrait of John F. Kennedy"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+John+F.+Kennedy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151631-1%2Flife-portrait-john-f-kennedy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-122"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/lyndon-b-johnson">"Lyndon B. Johnson"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Lyndon+B.+Johnson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Flyndon-b-johnson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-123"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151632-1/life-portrait-lyndon-b-johnson">"Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Lyndon+B.+Johnson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151632-1%2Flife-portrait-lyndon-b-johnson&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-124"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/richardnixon">"Richard M. Nixon"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Richard+M.+Nixon&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Frichardnixon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-125"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/richard-m-nixon">"Richard M. Nixon"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Richard+M.+Nixon&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Frichard-m-nixon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-126"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151633-1/life-portrait-richard-m-nixon">"Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Richard+M.+Nixon&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151633-1%2Flife-portrait-richard-m-nixon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-127"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/geraldford">"Gerald R. Ford"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Gerald+R.+Ford&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fgeraldford&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-128"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/gerald-r-ford">"Gerald Ford"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Gerald+Ford&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fgerald-r-ford&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-129"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151634-1/life-portrait-gerald-r-ford">"Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Gerald+R.+Ford&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151634-1%2Flife-portrait-gerald-r-ford&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-130"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/jimmycarter">"James Carter"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=James+Carter&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fjimmycarter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-131"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/jimmy-carter">"Jimmy Carter"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Jimmy+Carter&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fjimmy-carter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-132"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151635-1/life-portrait-jimmy-carter">"Life Portrait of Jimmy Carter"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Jimmy+Carter&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151635-1%2Flife-portrait-jimmy-carter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-133"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/ronaldreagan">"Ronald Reagan"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. June 25, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Ronald+Reagan&amp;rft.date=2008-06-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fronaldreagan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-134"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/ronald-reagan">"Ronald Reagan"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Ronald+Reagan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fronald-reagan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-135"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151636-1/life-portrait-ronald-reagan">"Life Portrait of Ronald Reagan"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Ronald+Reagan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151636-1%2Flife-portrait-ronald-reagan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-136"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/georgehwbush">"George H. W. Bush"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=George+H.+W.+Bush&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fgeorgehwbush&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-137"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-bush">"George Bush"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=George+Bush&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fgeorge-bush&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-138"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151637-1/life-portrait-george-hw-bush">"Life Portrait of George H.W. Bush"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+George+H.W.+Bush&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151637-1%2Flife-portrait-george-hw-bush&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-139"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/williamjclinton">"William J. Clinton"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. March 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=William+J.+Clinton&amp;rft.date=2007-03-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fwilliamjclinton&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-140"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/bill-clinton">"Bill Clinton"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Bill+Clinton&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fbill-clinton&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-141"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151639-1/life-portrait-bill-clinton">"Life Portrait of Bill Clinton"</a>. <i>American Presidents: Life Portrait</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portrait&amp;rft.atitle=Life+Portrait+of+Bill+Clinton&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F151639-1%2Flife-portrait-bill-clinton&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-142"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/georgewbush">"George W. Bush"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. February 25, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=George+W.+Bush&amp;rft.date=2007-02-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fgeorgewbush&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-143"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-w-bush">"George W. Bush"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=George+W.+Bush&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fgeorge-w-bush&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-144"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/barackobama">"Barack Obama"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. January 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama&amp;rft.date=2017-01-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Fbarackobama&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-145"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/barack-obama">"Barack Obama"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Barack+Obama&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fbarack-obama&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-whousetrump-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-whousetrump_146-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump">"President Donald J. Trump"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. January 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&amp;rft.atitle=President+Donald+J.+Trump&amp;rft.date=2017-01-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fadministration%2Fpresident-trump&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#cite_ref-147"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/donald-trump">"Donald Trump"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">History.com</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&amp;E Networks">A&amp;E Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=History.com&amp;rft.atitle=Donald+Trump&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fdonald-trump&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Presidents+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
 
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
 
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></i>.</td>
 
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<li><img alt="" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/16px-Open_book_nae_02.svg.png" width="16" height="9" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Open_book_nae_02.svg/24px-Open_book_nae_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Open_book_nae_02.svg/32px-Open_book_nae_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="209"> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Book:Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></i> – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" title="Wikipedia:Books">Wikipedia book</a></li>
 
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents">Whitehouse.gov: The Presidents</a></li>
 
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hauensteincenter.org/">Hauenstein Center | Presidential Leadership Studies</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Valley_State_University" title="Grand Valley State University">Grand Valley State University</a></li>
 
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/">POTUS: Presidents of the United States</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Public_Library" title="Internet Public Library">Internet Public Library</a></li>
 
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<div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">list</a>)</div>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Henry_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Zachary_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_James_A._Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William H. Taft</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</span></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidency of Donald Trump">2017–present</a>)</span></li>
 
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</ol>
 
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<td class="navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
 
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<div><img alt="" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/85px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="85" height="85" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425"></div>
 
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<tr style="display: none;">
 
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th>
 
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<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
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<div class="hlist">
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Timeline of the presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Timeline of the presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Timeline of the presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Timeline of the presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Timeline of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Timeline of the presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Timeline of the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Timeline of the presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Timeline of the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Timeline of the presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Timeline of the presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Timeline of the presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Timeline of the presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Timeline of the presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Timeline of the presidency of Donald Trump">Trump</a></li>
 
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</ul>
 
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</tr>
 
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<tr style="display: none;">
 
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;">
 
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<div>
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Book:Presidents of the United States">Book</a></li>
 
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<li><img alt="Category" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li>
 
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</ul>
 
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</tbody></table>
 
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<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_related_to_the_Presidents_and_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px">
 
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<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="collapseButton">[<a id="collapseButton1" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#">show</a>]</span>
 
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<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
 
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<li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_US_Presidents_and_Vice_Presidents" title="Template talk:Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</abbr></a></li>
 
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<div id="Lists_related_to_the_Presidents_and_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists related to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice Presidents of the United States</a></div>
 
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<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of Presidents</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States">List of Vice Presidents</a></li>
 
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</ul>
 
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<tr style="display: none;">
 
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th>
 
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<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_autobiographies_by_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of autobiographies by presidents of the United States">Autobiographies</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States#Presidential_burial_places" title="List of burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States">Burial places</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_death" title="List of Presidents of the United States by date of death">Death</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Historical rankings</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifespan_timeline_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States">Lifespan timeline</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Living presidents and vice presidents of the United States">Number living</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office" title="List of Presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraits_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Portraits of Presidents of the United States">Portraits</a></li>
 
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</ul>
 
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</div>
 
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</td>
 
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</tr>
 
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<tr style="display: none;">
 
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional<br>
 
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careers</th>
 
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<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_approval_rating" title="United States presidential approval rating">Approval rating</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots" title="List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots">Assassination attempts and plots</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_and_control_of_Congress" title="Presidents of the United States and control of Congress">Control of Congress</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines" title="United States presidential doctrines">Doctrines</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration#List_of_inaugural_ceremonies" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inaugurations</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by the President of the United States">International trips</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_judicial_appointments" title="List of Presidents of the United States by judicial appointments">Judicial appointments</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_library#List_of_presidential_libraries" title="Presidential library">Libraries</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_rank" title="List of presidents of the United States by military rank">Military rank</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_service" title="List of Presidents of the United States by military service">Military service</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held" title="List of Presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Pardons</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience">Previous experience</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes" title="List of United States presidential vetoes">Vetoes</a></li>
 
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</ul>
 
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</div>
 
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</td>
 
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</tr>
 
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<tr style="display: none;">
 
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th>
 
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<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_personal_coats_of_arms_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of personal coats of arms of Presidents of the United States">Coats of arms</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office" title="List of Presidents of the United States who died in office">Deaths in office</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of Presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_with_facial_hair" title="List of Presidents of the United States with facial hair">Facial hair</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidential_firsts" title="List of United States Presidential firsts">Firsts</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_who_were_Freemasons" title="List of Presidents of the United States who were Freemasons">Freemasons</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multilingual_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of multilingual presidents of the United States">Multilingualism</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_net_worth" title="List of Presidents of the United States by net worth">Net worth</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States">Nicknames</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_pets" title="United States presidential pets">Pets</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_home_state" title="List of Presidents of the United States by home state">Home state</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the United States by occupation">Previous occupation</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_affiliations_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States">Religious affiliation</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_residences_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of residences of Presidents of the United States">Residences</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of Presidents of the United States who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</div>
 
−
</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr style="display: none;">
 
−
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice Presidents</th>
 
−
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
−
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by age">Age</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States#Vice_presidential_burial_places" title="List of burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States">Burial places</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_personal_coats_of_arms_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of personal coats of arms of Vice Presidents of the United States">Coats of arms</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by education">Education</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States#Timeline_of_living_vice_presidents" title="Living presidents and vice presidents of the United States">Number living</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_other_offices_held" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_place_of_primary_affiliation" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by place of primary affiliation">Place of primary affiliation</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_affiliations_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Religious affiliations of Vice Presidents of the United States">Religious affiliation</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by vice presidents of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States_by_time_in_office" title="List of Vice Presidents of the United States by time in office">Time in office</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</div>
 
−
</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr style="display: none;">
 
−
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Succession</th>
 
−
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
−
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting President of the United States">Acting President</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">Designated survivor</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Line of succession</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</div>
 
−
</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr style="display: none;">
 
−
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Elections</a></th>
 
−
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
−
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margin</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">Popular vote margin</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_summary" title="United States presidential election summary">Summary</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">Winner lost popular vote</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</div>
 
−
</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr style="display: none;">
 
−
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th>
 
−
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
−
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">Democrat</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Republican</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_third_party_presidential_tickets_(1789%E2%80%931860)" title="List of United States major third party presidential tickets (1789–1860)">Third party</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Green_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Green Party presidential tickets">Green</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Libertarian_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Libertarian Party presidential tickets">Libertarian</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Progressive_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Progressive Party presidential tickets">Progressive</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_National_Republican/Whig_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States National Republican/Whig Party presidential tickets">National Republican/Whig</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates" title="List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">African American</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_presidential_and_vice-presidential_candidates" title="List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates">Female</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">Received at least one electoral vote</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heights_of_presidents_and_presidential_candidates_of_the_United_States" title="Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States">Height</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major-party_United_States_presidential_candidates_who_lost_their_birth_or_resident_state" class="mw-redirect" title="List of major-party United States presidential candidates who lost their birth or resident state">Lost their home state</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</div>
 
−
</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr style="display: none;">
 
−
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th>
 
−
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
−
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Family_of_the_United_States" title="First Family of the United States">First Families</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_First_Ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of First Ladies of the United States">First Ladies</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="Second Lady of the United States">Second Ladies</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_children_of_the_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of children of the Presidents of the United States">Children</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</div>
 
−
</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr style="display: none;">
 
−
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes, honors</th>
 
−
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
−
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
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<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_memorials_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential memorials in the United States">Memorial sites</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamp appearances</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_named_after_U.S._presidents" title="List of educational institutions named after U.S. presidents">Educational institution names</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency" title="List of Presidents of the United States on currency">Currency appearances</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_named_after_U.S._Presidents" title="List of U.S. counties named after U.S. Presidents">U.S. county names</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
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</div>
 
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</td>
 
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</tr>
 
−
<tr style="display: none;">
 
−
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fiction</th>
 
−
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
−
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Lists of fictional presidents of the United States">Presidents</a>
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_actors_who_played_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of actors who played the President of the United States">actors</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of fictional Vice Presidents of the United States">Vice Presidents</a>
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_actors_who_played_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of actors who played the Vice President of the United States">actors</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_United_States_presidential_candidates" title="List of fictional United States presidential candidates">Candidates</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession_in_fiction" title="United States presidential line of succession in fiction">Line of succession</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
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</div>
 
−
</td>
 
−
</tr>
 
−
<tr style="display: none;">
 
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
 
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<div><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Government_of_the_United_States" title="Portal:Government of the United States">U.S. Government Portal</a></b> • <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography Portal</a></b> • <img alt="Wikipedia book" src="./List of Presidents of the United States - Wikipedia_files/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"> <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Book:Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></b></div>
 
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</td>
 
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</tr>
 
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</tbody></table>
 
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</div>
 
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<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chief_executives_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px">
 
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<tbody><tr>
 
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<div id="Chief_executives_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chief executives of the United States</div>
 
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</th>
 
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</tr>
 
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<tr style="display: none;">
 
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th>
 
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<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></li>
 
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</ul>
 
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</div>
 
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</td>
 
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</tr>
 
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<tr style="display: none;">
 
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">State governors</a><br>
 
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(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">current list</a>)</th>
 
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<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
 
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama" title="List of Governors of Alabama">Alabama</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alaska" title="List of Governors of Alaska">Alaska</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arizona" title="List of Governors of Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of Governors of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">California</a>
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_California" title="List of Governors of California">list</a></li>
 
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</ul>
 
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</li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Colorado" title="Governor of Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Connecticut" title="List of Governors of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Delaware" title="List of Governors of Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" title="List of Governors of Florida">Florida</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Georgia" title="List of Governors of Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii" title="Governor of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>
 
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<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Hawaii" title="List of Governors of Hawaii">list</a></li>
 
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</ul>
 
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</li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Idaho" title="List of Governors of Idaho">Idaho</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">Illinois</a>
 
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<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Illinois" title="List of Governors of Illinois">list</a></li>
 
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</ul>
 
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</li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Indiana</a>
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Indiana" title="List of Governors of Indiana">list</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Iowa" title="Governor of Iowa">Iowa</a>
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Iowa" title="List of Governors of Iowa">list</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kansas" title="List of Governors of Kansas">Kansas</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kentucky" title="Governor of Kentucky">Kentucky</a>
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kentucky" title="List of Governors of Kentucky">list</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of Governors of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Maine</a>
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine" title="List of Governors of Maine">list</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Maryland</a>
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maryland" title="List of Governors of Maryland">list</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan" title="Governor of Michigan">Michigan</a>
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Michigan" title="List of Governors of Michigan">list</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Minnesota</a>
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Minnesota" title="List of Governors of Minnesota">list</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Mississippi" title="List of Governors of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Missouri" title="List of Governors of Missouri">Missouri</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Montana" title="List of Governors of Montana">Montana</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Nebraska" title="Governor of Nebraska">Nebraska</a>
 
−
<ul>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nebraska" title="List of Governors of Nebraska">list</a></li>
 
−
</ul>
 
−
</li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nevada" title="List of Governors of Nevada">Nevada</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Hampshire" title="Governor of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>
 
−
<ul>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Hampshire" title="List of Governors of New Hampshire">list</a></li>
 
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</li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">New Jersey</a>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of Governors of New Jersey">list</a></li>
 
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−
</li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Mexico" title="Governor of New Mexico">New Mexico</a>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Mexico" title="List of Governors of New Mexico">list</a></li>
 
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−
</li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">New York</a>
 
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−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_York" title="List of Governors of New York">list</a></li>
 
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−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina" title="Governor of North Carolina">North Carolina</a>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Carolina" title="List of Governors of North Carolina">list</a></li>
 
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−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Dakota" title="Governor of North Dakota">North Dakota</a>
 
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−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Dakota" title="List of Governors of North Dakota">list</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Ohio" title="List of Governors of Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oklahoma" title="Governor of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon" title="Governor of Oregon">Oregon</a>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of Governors of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="List of Governors of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">South Carolina</a>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Dakota" title="Governor of South Dakota">South Dakota</a>
 
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−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Vermont" title="List of Governors of Vermont">list</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Virginia" title="List of Governors of Virginia">list</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_West_Virginia" title="List of Governors of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin" title="Governor of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>
 
−
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−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wisconsin" title="List of Governors of Wisconsin">list</a></li>
 
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_governors_of_insular_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Lists of governors of insular areas of the United States">Territorial</a><br>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Guam">Guam</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
 
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−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li>
 
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−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Panama_Canal_Zone" title="List of Governors of the Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial heads of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Philippine Islands</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1935)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commissioner_to_the_Philippines" title="High Commissioner to the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1946)</span></li>
 
−
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a></li>
 
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Phyllotreta striolata is one of the most destructive insects worldwide. However, the present insect control strategies have certain limitations, for example, chemical insecticide applications will cause dietary pollution and environmental destruction. Here, we aim to develop an RNAi-based approach for controlling P. striolata. This approach is to topically apply exogenous siRNAs/shRNAs onto vegetables, ingestion of the sprayed siRNAs or shRNAs by P. striolata will induce the RNAi mechanism in the insect and lead to its death. In our project, siRNAs/shRNAs were designed based on the mRNA sequences of their target genes. The effect of both siRNAs and shRNAs in mediating RNAi in P. striolata were examined. Experimental results show that both siRNAs and shRNA could successfully silence their target genes, which was demonstrated by the survival rate decrease after siRNA or shRNA treatment. Our project provides an environmentally friendly approach for insect control.
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af" style="display: none;"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_Presidente_van_die_Verenigde_State" title="Lys van Presidente van die Verenigde State – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am" style="display: none;"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB_%E1%8D%95%E1%88%AC%E1%8B%9D%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B6%E1%89%BD_%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD" title="የአሜሪካ ፕሬዝዳንቶች ዝርዝር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist" title="featured list" style=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="قائمة رؤساء الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp" style="display: none;"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_des_pr%C3%A8sidents_des_%C3%88tats-Unis_d%E2%80%99Am%C3%A8rica" title="Lista des prèsidents des Ètats-Unis d’Amèrica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as" style="display: none;"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিসকলৰ তালিকা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentes_de_los_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos_d%27Am%C3%A9rica" title="Presidentes de los Estaos Xuníos d&#39;América – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist" title="featured list" style="display: none;"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_%C5%9Etatlar%C4%B1_prezidentl%C9%99rinin_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Amerika Birləşmiş Ştatları prezidentlərinin siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm" style="display: none;"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Jamanakuntigiw" title="USA Jamanakuntigiw – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn" style="display: none;"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের রাষ্ট্রপতিদের তালিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan" style=""><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_ch%C3%B3ng-th%C3%B3ng_lia%CC%8Dt-pi%C3%B3" title="Bí-kok chóng-thóng lia̍t-pió – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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none;"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenti_di_i_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Presidenti di i Stati Uniti d&#39;America – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy" style="display: none;"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlywydd_yr_Unol_Daleithiau" title="Arlywydd yr Unol Daleithiau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanske_pr%C3%A6sidenter" title="Amerikanske præsidenter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist" title="featured list" style="display: none;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Pr%C3%A4sidenten_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Liste der Präsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="display: none;"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_presidentide_ja_asepresidentide_loend" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide presidentide ja asepresidentide loend – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="display: none;"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AD%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Κατάλογος Προέδρων των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv" style="display: none;"><a 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Batuetako presidenteen zerrenda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="فهرست رؤسای جمهور ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo" style="display: none;"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listi_yvir_forsetarnar_%C3%AD_USA" title="Listi yvir forsetarnar í USA – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr" style="display: none;"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_pr%C3%A9sidents_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Liste des présidents des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy" style="display: none;"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_fan_Amerikaanske_presidinten" title="List fan Amerikaanske presidinten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uachtar%C3%A1n_na_St%C3%A1t_Aontaithe" title="Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv" style="display: none;"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaghtyrane_ny_Steatyn_Unnaneysit" title="Eaghtyrane ny Steatyn Unnaneysit – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl" style="display: none;"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentes_dos_Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Presidentes dos Estados Unidos de América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style=""><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="미국의 대통령 목록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86-%D5%AB_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="ԱՄՆ-ի նախագահների ցանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="संयुक्त राज्य के राष्ट्रपतियों की सूची – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodatak:Popis_predsjednika_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Dodatak:Popis predsjednika Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io" style="display: none;"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_di_prezidanti_di_Usa" title="Listo di prezidanti di Usa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listaan_dagiti_Presidente_iti_Estados_Unidos" title="Listaan dagiti Presidente iti Estados Unidos – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist" title="featured list" style="display: none;"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_Presiden_Amerika_Serikat" title="Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendice:Lista_de_presidentes_del_Statos_Unite_de_America" title="Appendice:Lista de presidentes del Statos Unite de America – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article" style="display: none;"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listi_yfir_forseta_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Listi yfir forseta Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenti_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Presidenti degli Stati Uniti d&#39;America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv" style="display: none;"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C3%A9lan_Pr%C3%A9sidh%C3%A8n_Am%C3%A9rika_Sar%C3%A9kat" title="Pratélan Présidhèn Amérika Sarékat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn" style="display: none;"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF" title="ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აშშ-ის პრეზიდენტების სია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk" style=""><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D2%A3_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96" title="АҚШ президенттерінің тізімі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw" style="display: none;"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lywydhyon_a%27n_Statys_Unys_Amerika" title="Lywydhyon a&#39;n Statys Unys Amerika – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw" style="display: none;"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaperezida_ba_Leta_Zunze_Ubumwe_z%E2%80%99Amerika" title="Abaperezida ba Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orodha_ya_Marais_wa_Marekani" title="Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEsteya_Serok%C3%AAn_Dewlet%C3%AAn_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE_y%C3%AAn_Amer%C3%AEkay%C3%AA" title="Lîsteya Serokên Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj" style="display: none;"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%A3%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="АУШ президентвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la" style="display: none;"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_praesidum_Civitatum_Foederatarum_Americae" title="Index praesidum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv" style="display: none;"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_prezidentu_uzskait%C4%ABjums" title="ASV prezidentu uzskaitījums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb" style="display: none;"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABscht_vun_de_Presidente_vun_den_USA" title="Lëscht vun de Presidente vun den USA – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt" style="display: none;"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:JAV_prezidentai" title="Sąrašas:JAV prezidentai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li" style="display: none;"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lies_van_presidente_van_de_Vereinigde_Sjtaote" title="Lies van presidente van de Vereinigde Sjtaote – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo" style="display: none;"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/liste_be_lo_merja%27a" title="liste be lo merja&#39;a – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="display: none;"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_eln%C3%B6keinek_list%C3%A1ja" title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok elnökeinek listája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai" style="display: none;"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="अमेरिकाक राष्ट्रपतिसभक सूची – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk" style="display: none;"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94" title="Список на претседатели на САД – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95" title="അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകളുടെ പ്രസിഡണ്ടുമാരുടെ പട്ടിക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf" style="display: none;"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ააშ-იშ პრეზიდენტეფიშ ერკებული – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz" style="display: none;"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="لستة رؤسا امريكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article" style="display: none;"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="متحده ایالات رییس‌جمهورون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_Presiden_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Senarai Presiden Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_presidenten_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="Lijst van presidenten van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieste_van_presidenten_van_de_Vereanegde_Stoaten" title="Lieste van presidenten van de Vereanegde Stoaten – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="अमेरिकाका राष्ट्रपतिह‍रूको सूची – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new" style="display: none;"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाया राष्ट्रपतितेगु धलः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="歴代アメリカ合衆国大統領の一覧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist" title="featured list" style="display: none;"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_over_USAs_presidenter" title="Liste over USAs presidenter – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentar_i_USA" title="Presidentar i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_d%27s_%C3%8Atats_Unnis" title="Président d&#39;s Êtats Unnis – Norman" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc" style="display: none;"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_dels_presidents_dels_Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Lista dels presidents dels Estats Units d&#39;America – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz" style=""><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSH_Prezidentlari_ro%CA%BByxati" title="AQSH Prezidentlari roʻyxati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa" style="display: none;"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਜ ਦੇ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds" style="display: none;"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_van_de_Pr%C3%A4sidenten_van_de_USA" title="List van de Präsidenten van de USA – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezydenci_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Prezydenci Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li 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style="display: none;"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_e_President%C3%ABve_t%C3%AB_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara_t%C3%AB_Amerik%C3%ABs" title="Lista e Presidentëve të Shteteve të Bashkuara të Amerikës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn" style="display: none;"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisidenti_d%C3%AE_Stati_Uniti" title="Prisidenti dî Stati Uniti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si" style="display: none;"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="එක්සත් ජනපද ජනාධිපති ලැයිස්තුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoznam_prezidentov_Spojen%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov" title="Zoznam prezidentov Spojených štátov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_predsednikov_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike" title="Seznam predsednikov Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پێرستی سەرۆککۆمارەکانی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Списак председника Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popis_predsjednika_SAD" title="Popis predsjednika SAD – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist" title="featured list" style="display: none;"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Yhdysvaltain_presidenteist%C3%A4" title="Luettelo Yhdysvaltain presidenteistä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_USA:s_presidenter" title="Lista över USA:s presidenter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கக் குடியரசுத் தலைவர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt" style="display: none;"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="АКШ президентлары исемлеге – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te" style="display: none;"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="అమెరికా సంయుక్త రాష్ట్రాల అధ్యక్షులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th" style="display: none;"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="รายนามประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg" style="display: none;"><a 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interwiki-tk" style="display: none;"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_prezidentlerini%C5%88_sanawy" title="ABŞ prezidentleriniň sanawy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist" title="featured list" style="display: none;"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Список президентів США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur" style="display: none;"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ریاستہائے متحدہ کے صدور کی فہرست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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Latest revision as of 03:21, 18 October 2018

Title

Title

A Battle against the Beetle

Phyllotreta striolata is one of the most destructive insects worldwide. However, the present insect control strategies have certain limitations, for example, chemical insecticide applications will cause dietary pollution and environmental destruction. Here, we aim to develop an RNAi-based approach for controlling P. striolata. This approach is to topically apply exogenous siRNAs/shRNAs onto vegetables, ingestion of the sprayed siRNAs or shRNAs by P. striolata will induce the RNAi mechanism in the insect and lead to its death. In our project, siRNAs/shRNAs were designed based on the mRNA sequences of their target genes. The effect of both siRNAs and shRNAs in mediating RNAi in P. striolata were examined. Experimental results show that both siRNAs and shRNA could successfully silence their target genes, which was demonstrated by the survival rate decrease after siRNA or shRNA treatment. Our project provides an environmentally friendly approach for insect control.