# Team:Bielefeld-CeBiTec/Model

Modeling
Any modeling project should be tempered by the morality of laziness.“ (Barnes et al., 2010)

## Short Summary

This phrase illustrates that lab results can be predicted before actually working in the lab, saving precious time.
Our project revolves around new discovered or theoretical biological systems like for example RNAi in prokaryotes or newly discovered copper transporters. Our project required four different modeling approaches:
• toxicity modeling
• siRNA modeling
• ferritin structure modeling

## Toxicity modeling

The toxicity of copper ions on the cell is well characterized (Ning et al., 2015) but for important parts of this project like the crossflow reactor we needed to know the exact point of time when our cells will die to achieve highest possible yields of copper.
The residence time should not exceed the rate of dying and cell lysis in the system. If cell lysis kicks in copper gets released back again into the substrate media and the yield minimizes. The modeling started with the copper uptake in our cells containing the BioBrick BBa_K2638204, which expresses oprC under pAra​BAD (BBa_I0500)) control and induction at 1.0 % arabinose in. The toxicity is calculated for a single cell.
The first step was to calculate the rate of expression of oprC. Therefore the characterization of BBa_I0500) of Groningen was used to calculate the expression speed. At 1.0 % arabinose induction a raise of fluorescence of approx. ΔF = 82,000 within of t = 36,000 s was measurable. The conversion from fluorescence units to concentration in mol/L was calculated as k = 2.5 * 10-6 mol*L-1 (Furtado and Henry, 2002) and the volume of the used capillaries was V = 3.14 * 10-9 L The rate of protein expression with 1.0 % arabinose is:
$$\frac{3.14 * 10^{-9} L * 2.5 * 10^{-6} mol L^{-1} * 87,500}{36,000 s} = 7.85 * 10^{-14} mol*s^{-1} (1)$$
According to (1) the increase of OprC with t0 = 0
can be described with (2) and (3):
$$\frac{dOprC}{dt} = 7.85 * 10-14 mol*s^{-1} (2)$$ $$OprC_t = OprC_0 + t * 7.85 * 10^{-14} mol*s^{-1} (3)$$
The next step is to determine the increase of the copper concentration inside the cell. OprC transports copper ions with a rate of vmax = 0.144 mol/s into the cell and has a substrate affinity of K = 1.66 mM (Parmar et al., 2018). The volume per cell in this model contains VC = 1*10-15 L-1. The starting concentration was taken from the first accumulation test with [Cu2+0] = 0.003 M. Due to the missing catalytic interchange number kcat the other definition of the Michaelis-Menten equation had to be used:
$$\frac{d(Cu^{2+}_{inside})}{dt} = \frac{-d(Cu^{2+}_{outside})}{dt} = v_{max} * \frac{Cu^{2+}_{outside}}{Cu^{2+}_{outside} + K_M} (4)$$
After solving the differential equation (4) with the conditions t0 = 0:
$$[C_t]- K_M * ln{[C_t]} = v_{max} * t + [C_0] - K_M * ln {[C_0]} (5)$$
Due to the fact that this only describes the kinetic of a single molecule of OprC the (3) and the Avogadro number NA = 6.022 * 1023 mol-1 . That way the addition was possible of the both terms on the right side of (5) and the end equation results in:
$$[C_t]- K_M * ln{[C_t]} = v_{max}*t^2*N_A*7.85*10^{-14} mol*s^{-1} + [C_0]-K_M*ln{[C_0]} (6)$$
At this point the equation is not further to simplify. Because of this a short python script trying out multiple different number constellations had to be tried out.

kurve = []

for each in listCt[:end+1]:
for t in ts:
nOPRC = t*5*(10**(-29))
#print each
#print t

gleichung1 = vmax*t*nOPRC*6.022*(10**(23)) - C0 - math.log(C0)*KM
gleichung2 = -each - KM * math.log(each)
gleichung2small = gleichung2 - gleichung2*0.00001
gleichung2big = gleichung2 + gleichung2*0.00001
if gleichung2small <= gleichung1 and gleichung2big >= gleichung1:
kurve.append((each,t))
print each
print t

print kurve

with open ("Tupel_fuer_Kurve3.txt", "w") as out:
This way the toxic copper concentration ctox = 1 * 10-5 mol/L (Ning, 2015) inside the cell is approx. reached 800 s (Figure 1) after the induction with 1.0 % arabinose.

## Disassembly:

Since pH induced ferritin disassembly using a regular ferritin requires strong acids a modified version was developed by H. Chen et. al. To allow for the disassembly of ferritin at a pH closer to neutral compared to the wild type the E-helix and DE turn (Fig. 2 marked in green) of the ferritin subunit where removed.
By removing those structural elements the overall stability of ferritin is reduced and a disassembly at higher pH of around 4 instead of 2 should be the result. The removal of the E-helix and DE turn in all the 24 subunits should lower the melting temperature off the assembled ferritin from 80 °C to 72,7 °C

## Assembly:

Enhanced stability of the binding between the ferritin subunits is another field of research which sets out to enhance the binding strength between the 24 subunits to one another. The method developed by Wang et. al introduces 4 amino acid changes to the binding region between two adjacent subunits. The 4 histidine amino acids that are introduced (Fig. 3 histidine colored in pink) allow for the incorporation of Cu(II) ions into the binding region without severely changing the alignment of the subunits to each other.

## Combining both approaches

From combining both approaches a mutant ferritin variant which disassembles at pH values closer to neutral and assembles with high strength when copper ions are added could be developed opening up new areas where the encapsulation of pH-sensitive proteins or molecules is required.

## siRNA promoter model

First the most fitting siRNAs for our project has to be calculated. A program will be written which returns a selection of compatible siRNAs for a gene you want to silence. Possible secondary structures should also be considered (Mathews, 1999) because they could prevent the silencing mechanism of siRNAs.
We assume that the rate of silencing by siRNAs depends in the first place on the promoter region in front of the RNAi gene. By gathering expression rates of the most popular promoters in the iGEM parts registry valuable information for modelling will be acquired. Furthermore additional factors like secondary structures, diffusion rates and degradation rates of RNA fragments. With that a model of the actual expression rate of proteins can be modeled with a given sequence that shall be silenced. This modeling approach turned due to the high potential into our software project. The experimental part was shown on the silencing results site.

## Discussion

The modeling for the point of time where the toxicity kicks in showed, that due to the troublesome way to find the right promoter strength a universal promoter library would be an important addition to the synthetic biology community. That way the promoter library in the parts collection represents an universal standard for the iGEM community to characterize their promoters.
The crossflow reactor design was strongly influenced by the toxicity modeling. Another way to approach the high copper uptake were our anti toxicity measures the BioBricks BBa_K2638101, BBa_K2638100, BBa_K2638103, BBa_K2638105, BBa_K2638106, BBa_K2638120 and BBa_K2638121 enrich now the parts registry.
The siRNA/RNAi modeling went over into our software project because it showed way more potential like this.
The ferritin modeling was a important measure to make sure the characterization of the ferritin molecules didn’t encountered any issues.

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