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Revision as of 12:44, 14 October 2018
Hebrew- Project
- Lab
- Human Practices
- Team
- Judging
Cucurbita pepo L. (Pumpkin & Zucchini)
- Zucchini`s Roots grow mainly down while pumpkin`s grow mainly to the sides.
- High uptake values of nutrition from soil.
- Able to absorb dioxins in roots and deliver them thought the plant (potential for high speed degradation in whole plant).
- Short seasoned plants, can be grown only in hot seasons.
- Easily grown in most areas of the world.
- Existing transformation methods using agrobacterium.
- Whole genome sequence doesn`t exist yet.
- none
1 Dioxin Uptake
Zucchini plants have been shown to have the most successful uptake mechanisms for PCDD/PCDF's of all plants tested. This includes mechanisms that can translocate dioxins from their roots to their shoot system (including flowers and fruits), as opposed to many other plants that can only absorb dioxins into their roots.
"Plants have been frequently shown to remove POPs from soils (Zhao et al. 2006; Susarla et al. 2002; Macek et al. 2000). The high propensity of selected Cucurbitaceae to extract PCDDs/PCDFs from soil was first reported by Hülster et al. (1994), who found that C. pepo L. fruits contained double the PCDD/PCDF concentrations of other examined plants. "
Current results demonstrated that cultivation of C. pepo L. cv. ‘Atena Polka’ reduced total PCDD/PCDF content by a mean value of 37 % in soil amended with sewage sludge and 32 % in soil treated with urban sediment (Fig. 1A1, B1; Table 2S). Mean reduction in TEQ concentrations were 68 and 52 % in soil amended with sewage sludge and sediment, respectively; values almost twice those of PCDD/PCDF content (Fig. 1A2, B2; Table 2S). Wilcoxon matched pair test revealed significant differences in total and TEQ values before and after C. pepo L. cv. ‘Atena Polka’ cultivation at p = 0.067. The greatest decline of total PCDD/PCDF content was observed for control samples (66 % for soil with sewage sludge and 81 % for soil with sediment), while the greatest reduction of TEQ values was detected in samples fertilized with 9 and 18 t/ha of sewage sludge (72 and 73 %, respectively) (Fig. 1; Table 2S). In soil amended with 3 t/ha of sludge, ‘Atena Polka’ cultivation led to a 63 % reduction of TEQ. Other large decreases were also noted for soil amended with 9 and 18 t/ha of urban sediments (59 and 70 %, respectively), while a much smaller reduction (21 %) was noted for a dose of 3 t/ha (Fig. 1; Table 2S). The above declines in soil total and TEQ PCDD/PCDF concentrations are, from one site, a result of ‘Atena Polka’ cultivation, however, the bioremediation activity of soil microorganisms seems to also be an important factor responsible for the obtained reductions (Urbaniak 2013; Field and Sierra-Alvarez 2008).
Fig. 1:
Mean decreases in total and TEQ PCDD/PCDF concentrations in soil amended with different doses of sewage sludge (A1, A2) and urban sediments (B1–B2) before and after Cucurbita pepo L. cv ‘Atena Polka’ cultivation"
2 Plant Growth
Zucchini and pumpkin are very sensitive to cold weather, requires warm temperatures of above 16 degrees Celsius to grow, but to warm of a climate (above 38 degrees) will harm the plant. zucchini takes 60 days to mature, by than it produces fruit as long as someone pick them before they rot. Pumpkin requires between 90 to 160 days to mature. They both have a fast growth and as such, high root uptake of nutrition from the ground. both need a lot of water to grow, which oppose some problem if you try to grow it in dry areas. Zucchini don’t spread much and it`s root go mainly deeper in a taproot formation, while pumpkin spread vertically and most of its nutrients are absorbed from the upper half a meter of the soil.
3 Plant Transformation:
Two-week-old in vitro grown Cucurbita pepo L. intact plants and cotyledons (detached and undetached from the mother-plant) were transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain NCPPB 1855, grown for 48 h at 25 °C on YMB medium. All infected material formed vigorous hairy roots in about seven days. The transformed roots were successfully grown in liquid MS medium without plant growth regulators for an indefinite number of transfers.
4 Plant Sterility
Triploid plants have larger organs, greater biomass, and strong stress resistance by preserving relatively larger amounts of photosynthetic energy. The undesirable spread of non-native invasive crop and horticultural plants into natural areas can also be reduced or eliminated by the use of triploids, because they tend to be sterile and seedless.
There are few different ways to create triploid plants:
- Natural selection - triploid plants occur in nature, meaning it is possible to look for the desired plant in nature.
- Artificial hybridization - by sexual hybridization of different ploidy, one can create a triploid offspring.
- Endosperm culture in vitro - endosperm is a triploid tissue. Successful regeneration of a plant from an endosperm tissue would result in triploid plant.
References:
1. Cucurbita pepo L. can be transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes By Luigi Sanità di Toppi, Nicola Pecchioni, Mauro Durante - Nov 1997
2. Breeding Triploid Plants: A Review
By Xiling WANG, Zong-Ming (Max) CHENG, Shuang ZHI and Fengxiang XU - 2016.
3. Potential for Phytoremediation of PCDD/PCDF-Contaminated Sludge and Sediments Using Cucurbitaceae Plants: A Pilot Study By Magdalena Urbaniak, Anna Wyrwicka, Marek Zieliński, Joanna Mankiewicz-Boczek. - Jun 2016
4. A simple method for transient transformation of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seedlings By Francisco Arturo Ramírez-Ortega, Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares, Roberto Toscano-Morales, Roberto Ruiz-Medrano - 2015.
5. Uptake by roots and translocation to shoots of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in typical crop plants By Haijun Zhang, Jiping Chen, Yuwen Ni, Qing Zhang, Liang Zhao - Aug 2009.
6. PLANTING, GROWING, AND HARVESTING PUMPKINS
Oct 2010.
7. How to Grow Zucchini: A Squash Vocabulary Lesson
By Charity Shumway | September 14th, 2012.
8. What Is the Life Expectancy of Zucchini Plants?
By Karen Carter.
Brassica campestris (Chinese Cabbage)
- Roots does not go deep or wide relatively to other plants checked.
- High uptake of dioxins in roots.
- Very low transfer of dioxins from roots to shoots.
- Grow in most parts of the world, mostly in somewhat cold areas
- Grown all year round.
- Abundance of agrobacterium strains known to be effective.
- Whole genome sequenced.
- Susceptible for hybridization.
- Known male and female sterile mutants.
1 Dioxin Uptake
Although zucchini and pumpkin have showed the best overall uptake of dioxins, primarily showing an extraordinary shoot uptake of dioxins, Chinese cabbage have showed a specially high uptake of dioxins in root only according to table 2. as our proposed method takes effect in roots as well as the shoots, a high root uptake would work perfectly.
2 Plant Growth
Chinese cabbage requires cool temperatures between 7-17 degrees Celsius to grow and takes between 50-85 days to mature. It`s roots grow in taproot formation, spreading about 30 cm foot radius and go 75 cm deep, where the deeper the roots are, the less branched they are. The plant doesn`t require a large amount of water and able to keep growing without much (although that would make the roots go deeper and spread less).
3 Plant Transformation:
An abundance of papers exists describing the transformation of Chinese cabbage using different agrobacterium strains, presenting 1-3% transformations rates.
4 Plant Sterility
Both female and male sterile strains exist for the Chinese cabbage. Both molecular biology techniques or creation of hybrid strains protocols are available for recreation of sterile plants.
"compared to the wild-type line ‘FT,’ the fsm plants exhibited pistil abortion. Whether the fsm mutant was self-pollinated or used as the female parent to accept foreign pollen (wild-type line ‘FT’), the seed setting rates of fsm were both zero. The results showed that the female sterility of fsm was stable."
** CMS - Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.
References:
1. "Uptake by roots and translocation to shoots of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in typical crop plants" by Haijun Zhang and Liang Zhao (2009).
2. "Interspecific hybridisation of cytoplasmic male-sterile rapeseed with Oguracytoplasm and Brassica rapa var. pekinensis as a method to obtain male-sterile Chinese cabbage inbred lines" by Piotr Kamiński and Elżbieta Starzycka-Korbas (2016).
3. "Transcriptome Analysis of a Female-sterile Mutant (fsm) in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis)" by Shengnan Huang and Hui Feng (2017).
4. "SSR and SCAR mapping of a multiple-allele male-sterile gene in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.)" by Feng and Lim YP (2009).
5. "The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa" by Wang X and Zhang Z (Brassica rapa Genome Sequencing Project Consortium, 2011).
6. "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration of fertile transgenic plants of chinese cabbage (brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis cv. 'spring flavor')" by Jun S 2nd and Paek KH(1995).
7. "Successful genetic transformation of Chinese cabbage using phosphomannose isomerase as a selection marker" By Min BW and Harn CH (2007).
9. "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cotyledonary explants of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis)" by F.-L, Zhang and M. Watanabe (2000).
9. "HOW TO GROW CHINESE CABBAGE" by Steve Albert (2018).
10. "How Deep Do Lettuce Roots Grow?" by Teo Spengler.
Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato)
- Roots go deep and wide.
- Very low transfer of dioxins from roots to shoots.
- Grow in most parts of the world, require direct sunlight.
- Grown all year round.
- Perennial plant.
- Very effective agrobacterium transformation (40%+ transformation frequency).
- Whole genome sequenced.
- Known male and female sterile mutants.
- Known CRISPER methods for seedless fruits.
- Reproduce easily vegetativaly.
