Difference between revisions of "Team:NCKU Tainan/Entrepreneurship"

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        <div class="container content">
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        <h1 class="head">Entrepreneurship</h1>
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                    <div class="col-2 side">     
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                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Product_Design">Product Design</a>
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                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a>
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                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Business_Model">Business Model</a>
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                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Cost_Evaluation">Cost Evaluation</a>
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                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Reference">Reference</a>
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                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up fa-1x" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>
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                                <div id="Product_Design">
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                                    <h3>Product Design</h3>
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                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/2/26/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_product.gif" alt="product design">
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                                    <p class="pcenter"> Fig.1 Flow chart of E. coli carbon utilization system </p>                                   
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                                      <ol>
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                                        <li class="licontent">Overview</li>
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                                        <p class="pcontent">In this project, we, the NCKU Tainan Team, have proposed an alternative way to reduce the emission of Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). Referring to the opinions and feedbacks from many industry experts and professors, we design a new factory flow to capture CO<sub>2</sub> by <i>E. coli</i> Not only our device meets the specs to commercialize, but it also demonstrates high cost performance.
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                                        </p>
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                                        <p class="pcontent">The emission of CO<sub>2</sub> has been a serious problem for a century that causes global warming and severe climate change. Even though many ways have been tried to reduce it, the generation of CO<sub>2</sub> primarily from industry is still overwhelming. Therefore, scientists and governments have been working hard to find solutions to tackle the problem.
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                                        </p>
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                                        <li class="licontent">Control System</li>
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                                        <div class="centerimg">
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                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/6/68/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_overview.png" alt="overview">
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                                        </div>
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                                        <p class="pcenter">Fig. 2 Overview of the control system </p>                                 
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                                        <p class="pcontent">There are many aspects we need to consider. First, we calculate the emission velocity of CO<sub>2</sub> from the factory, as well as the medium exchange rate and the growth rate of our <i>E. coli</i>.  </p>
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                                        <p class="pcontent">
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Fig. 1 is a process of whole <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization that we design for industrial application. We simplify it into three parts which shows in Fig. 2 to explain more clearly. Three switches control three parts, named A, B and C. Basically, the factory replaces the medium twice a day. At one hour before replacing the medium, the user needs to turn on switch C to discharge ninety percent of the medium. When it is time to replace the medium, switch C will be turned off and switch B will be turned on to refill medium. When sufficient medium is added, switch B will be turned off and switch A will be turned on to let CO<sub>2</sub> in. Just like the animation showed on Fig. 1.
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                                        </p>
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                                        <p class="pcontent">Considering the cost, the growth time of our <i>E. coli</i> and the floor area, we optimized replace time of the medium, replace it every twelve hours and with 72 parallel bioreactors.
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Next, we are going to have more detail description on three parts, which are <a class="link" href="#gas_and_flow_system">Gas preparation system and flow system</a>,
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                                            <a class="link" href="#medium_preparation">Medium preparation</a>,
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                                            and <a class="link" href="#downstream">Downstream products purification and biosafety</a>.
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                                        </p>
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                                        <h5 class="boldh5" id="gas_and_flow_system">A. Gas preparation system and flow system</h5>
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                                        <div class="centerimg">
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                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/46/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_gasflow.png" alt="gasflow">
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                                        </div>
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                                        <p class="pcenter"> Fig. 3 Diagram of gas preparation system and flow system </p>
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                                        <p class="pcontent">According to IGCC (Integrate Gasification Combined Cycle) flow diagram, the fuel is first converted to syngas which is a mixture of H<sub>2</sub> and CO. The syngas is then burned in a combined cycle consisting of a gas turbine and a steam turbine with a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). After CO<sub>2</sub> / H<sub>2</sub> separation, IGCC can reach the demand of CO<sub>2</sub> purity including low SOx and NOx emission fraction of allowable limits of bacteria. Finally, the produced flue gas could enter the pipeline leading to the bioreactor.  </p>
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                                        <p class="pcontent">
 +
In <i>E. coli </i>utilization system, the air is pumped in to neutralize the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub>. A controlled valve is used to control flow rate and split distribution. When the switch a is turned on, the switch b will be turned off, and vice versa. As for the CO<sub>2</sub> inlet and outlet, it will maintain an open system of bioreactor. In other words, CO<sub>2</sub> will enter continuously and cause some non-reacted CO<sub>2</sub> emitted.
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                                        </p>
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                                        <div class="centerimg">
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                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/b/b8/T--NCKU_Tainan--IGCC.png" alt="medium">
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                                        </div>
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                                        <p class="pcenter"> Fig. 4 IGCC process flow diagram. Source: Vattenfall. (2010)
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Syngas has been treated by sulfur and nitrogen removal, as well as heavy metal removal and cooling tank. Through IGCC process, purified CO<sub>2</sub> in flue gas is allowable for <i>E. coli</i> CO<sub>2</sub> utilizing. </p>
  
  
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                                        <h5 class="boldh5" id="medium_preparation">B. Medium preparation</h5>
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                                        <div class="centerimg">
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                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/f4/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_medium.png" alt="medium">
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                                        </div>
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                                        <p class="pcenter"> Fig. 5 Diagram of medium preparation</p>
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                                        <p class="pcontent">At this stage, we have two sections to consider, medium storage and medium preparation before replacing time.</p> 
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                                        <p class="pcontent">
 +
The medium is composed of M9 salt and xylose. For storage, we will convert it into powder with the required proportion. At one hour before replacing time, pour the powder into the medium tank and turn on the water injection switch. Turn on the stirrer of medium tank to have medium powder and water perfect mixing. The outlet of bioreactor (switch c) will be turned on at the same time, letting ninety percent of the medium in the bioreactor flow out . When the medium have prepared well, turn on the switch a and switch b for replacing medium in bioreactor, while the switch c will be turned off.
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                                        </p>
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                                        <p class="pcontent">We also consider the process of raw materials, especially xylose, which is the key source of our pathway. Since xylose is one of the products of agricultural waste degradation, we visited the  <a class="link" href="#gas_and_flow_system">2018 Tainan Biotechnology and Green Energy Expo </a> to consulted with researchers from National Energy Program-Phase II, whose projects was biofuel and biodegradable plastic production via agricultural waste.  They had developed technique that degrade cellulose and semi-cellulose by ion solution.
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                                        </p>
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                                        <p class="pcontent">
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Besides, we have opportunity to <a class="link" href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:NCKU_Tainan/Collaborations#UESTC-China">collaborate</a> with <a class="link" href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:UESTC-China">UESTC-Chian team </a>. They work for degrading straw with synthetic biology and convert the product into bio-fuel. One of the product from straw degradation is xylose. These techniques are eco-friendly and low-energy-require. Therefore, the process development of xylose production will be a low-carbon-emission process.      </p>
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                                        <h5 class="boldh5" id="downstream">C. Downstream products purification and biosafety</h5>
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                                        <div class="centerimg">
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                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/7/7e/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_downstream.png" alt="downstream">
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                                        </div>
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                                        <p class="pcenter"> Fig. 6 Diagram of downstream process</p>
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                                        <p class="pcontent">We will discharge 90% of the used medium in the bioreactor one hour before new medium flows in. Which means that we let 10% of the reacted bacteria remain in the bioreactor to maintain a steady cell density condition of in the bioreactor. The effluent medium will be sterilized and filtered in the downstream clean-up tank. At this step, we harvest the bacteria by centrifuging and extracting the by-product such as amino acids, proteins, medicine or bio-fuel. Different extracting process designed depends on different by-product.</p>
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<p class="pcontent">
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Besides, we try to reuse the waste heat of factories for sterilizing. The waste water can be recycled as well. Through Removing toxins and adjusting pH value
  
 +
the effluent could return to the medium tank. As for energy require for this system, renewable energy helps us to reach near -zero carbon emission process.
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                                        </p>
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                                    </ol>
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                                </div>
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                                <div id="Entrepreneurship">
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                                    <h3>Entrepreneurship : China Steel</h3>
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                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/a/a9/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_chinasteel1.png" alt="china_steel">
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                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig.7 Picture of CSC interview</p>
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                                    <p class="pcontent">Meeting with experts and stakeholders is important in shaping our project to fulfill the needs of our target user.
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                                    China Steel Corporation is the largest integrated steel Manufacturer in Taiwan. Also, they had been adopting the algal bio-sequestration by
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                                    cooperating with the research group at our university. Click here to know more in Entrepreneurship:Process, Suggestion and question and
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                                    Interview record.
  
<h3>★  ALERT! </h3>
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                                    </p>
<p>This page is used by the judges to evaluate your team for the <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Judging/Medals">medal criterion</a> or <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Judging/Awards"> award listed below</a>. </p>
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                                    <h5 class="boldh5">Process</h5>
<p> Delete this box in order to be evaluated for this medal criterion and/or award. See more information at <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Judging/Pages_for_Awards"> Instructions for Pages for awards</a>.</p>
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                                    <p class="pcontent">We were given the opportunity to meet with the senior executive of China Steel Corporation
</div>
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                                        to gain invaluable insight for our research. The meeting commenced with our presentation.
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                                        During the presentation, we introduced our project, including the bioreactor design and the industrial model.
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                                        By listing out all the aspects we had considered, we would like to obtain advice
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                                        on the practical and social considerations involved in the application of our project in industry.
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                                    </p>
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                                    <h5 class="boldh5">Suggestion and Question</h5>
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                                    <p class="pcontent">Will the high concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> retard growth of engineered bacteria?</p>
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                                    <p class="pcontent">Microalgae is reported resistant to SOx and NOx. Does <i>E. coli</i> survive under such conditions?</p>
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                                    <p class="pcontent">The best condition for engineered <i>E. coli</i> to capture CO<sub>2</sub> is a lower CO<sub>2</sub>
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                                        concentration without too much SOx and NOx particles.
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                                        However, we won’t be able to provide an ideal culture condition in Industrial application.
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                                        After testing the tolerance of <i>E. coli</i>, we conclude that <i>E. coli</i> is possible to survive under that
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                                        kind of condition in factory and the only effects its expression.
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                                        It may not capture as much CO<sub>2</sub> as culture in the lab.
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                                    </p>
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                                    <p class="pcontent">It is important to define a specific commercial product that can be truly produced
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                                        since your user may consider its economic viability.
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                                        They stated that a product that can be widely used is better.
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                                        At the same time, we should consider current GMO legislation if we want to commercialize those products.
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                                        The actual condition is not as ideal as in the laboratory,
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                                        we should optimize the condition to maximize the carbon fixation ability of the microbes.
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                                    </p>
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                                    <h5 class="boldh5">Interview record</h5>
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                                    <p class="pcontent"> The record can be separated into two parts.
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                                        One is about their feedback after interview, another one is our customer investigate questions.
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                                        We use CSC represent China Steel.
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                                    </p>
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                                    <div class="row">
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                                        <a class="btn col-md-12" data-toggle="collapse" href="#complete_interview" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multiCollapseExample1">
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                                            Click to see complete interview
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                                            <i class="fa fa-arrow-down fa-10" aria-hidden="true"></i>
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                                        </a>
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                                    </div>   
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                                    <div class="collapse multi-collapse" id="complete_interview">
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                                        <div class="card card-body">
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                                            <h5 class=boldh5>Part1. Interview record</h5>
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                                            <p class="pcontent">Date:September. 15, 9 am.</p>
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                                            <p class="pcontent">Location:China Steel meeting room</p>
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                                            <br>
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                                            <p class="pcontent">CSC: What is the adaptability of <i>E. coli</i> for the corporate?
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                                                Do you have any doubt about the actual application?
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                                            </p>
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                                            <p class="pcontent">It can be explained from the following points:</p>
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                                            <ol>
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                                                <li class="licontent">Concentration:</li>
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                                                <p class="pcontent">Bacteria can tolerate the increase of CO<sub>2</sub> concentration.
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                                                    However, there is limit in the input, and our team is targeting this system.
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                                                </p>
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                                                <p class="pcontent">A shunt is designed to slow down the rate of input to enter the bacteria rapidly.</p>
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                                                <li class="licontent">Temperature:</li>
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                                                <p class="pcontent">In this system, 42 degrees Celsius is our limit,
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                                                    and we need to overcome by technology in the high temperature.
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                                                </p>
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                                                <p class="pcontent">The problem is that our team will lower the temperature through other devices.</p>
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                                                <li class="licontent">Waste:</li>
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                                                <p class="pcontent">Our team solves the problem of waste by recycling and filtering out.</p>
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                                            </ol>
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                                            <p class="pcontent">CSC :From the perspective of the company,
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                                                how much additional benefit can it bring to the output value of the products in their downstream of system?
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                                            </p>
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                                            <p class="pcontent">At present, the product of downstream in our system is glutamine,
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                                                why we choose is because glutamine is accessible and easy to operate for us.  
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                                                Its additional benefit refers to the different application.  
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                                                Take the market value of glutamine as example, the additional benefit can reach 10 times larger of the <i>E. coli</i> culture cost,
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                                                ignoring the fixed cost of the whole system.
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                                            </p>
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                                            <p class="pcontent">Besides, <i>E. coli</i> was regarded as high potential species to produce all kinds of protein.
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                                                Including essential amino acid that cannot be synthesized by organism, or forage for stock farmer.
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                                                Therefore, our system has high potential output value to bring great additional benefit.
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                                            </p>
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                                            <p class="pcontent">CSC:China Steel is the second largest carbon consumer in our country.
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                                                It needs two-thirds of Taiwan's area to balance one-tenth of the current emissions.
 +
                                                In practice, it is still too far away.
 +
                                                Is it possible to match the materials with 3D layout?
 +
                                            </p>
 +
                                            <p class="pcontent">We want to save the space and culture in high density concentration:</p>
 +
                                            <ol>
 +
                                                <li class="licontent">Reduce the volume of culture material</li>
 +
                                                <li class="licontent">Stacking the bioreactors</li>
 +
                                            </ol>
 +
                                            <p class="pcontent">CSC: How to deal with the waste of this system? Is there a problem with super Cryptococcus neoformans?</p>
 +
                                            <p class="pcontent">The protein needs to be separated before produced.  
 +
                                                At the same time,this process will produce the bio-waste.
 +
                                                The special process is high temperature and high pressure.
 +
                                                It can be used in the factory's original waste system under the high temperature and high pressure environment.
 +
                                            </p>
 +
                                            <p class="pcontent">We use the general strains, and there is no possibility of mutations.
 +
                                                In addition, with the monitoring of environmental, the probability of mutation is greatly reduced to reach biosafety.
 +
                                            </p>
 +
                                            <p class="pcontent">CSC position description:</p>
 +
                                            <p class="pcontent">Algae is one of the implementation of the CCS plan, and they always want to build a multi-system.
 +
                                                Each system has its advantages and disadvantages.
 +
                                                Therefore, what we proposed was a one more choice for them and they were glad to hear
 +
                                                that <i>E. coli</i> and contribute to CCS&U (Carbon Capture Storage and Utilization).
 +
                                            </p>
  
 +
                                            <h5 class="boldh5">Part2. Customer demand investigation</h5>
 +
                                            <ol>
 +
                                                <li class="licontent">The research and development of new technologies,
 +
                                                    which level will be considered to mature and worthy investing specifically?
 +
                                                </li>
 +
                                                <p class="pcontent">There are three conditions:</p>
 +
                                                <p class="pcontent">1) Feasibility of laboratory technology: It’s ok with technical confirmation.</p>
 +
                                                <p class="pcontent">2) Feasibility of engineering: It’s feasible under engineering equipment construction,
 +
                                                    application of space and on-site environmental conditions.
 +
                                                </p>
 +
                                                <p class="pcontent">3) Feasibility of economic: total cost (input, output) must be positive benefits.</p>
 +
                                                <li class="licontent">There is a problem of limited space in Taiwan, how much space did we need to reduce at least in the enterprise?</li>
 +
                                                <p class="pcontent">This proposition should be how much CO<sub>2</sub> the technology can absorb per unit area.
 +
                                                    Based on this basis, Industrial will evaluate the existing space of the factory,
 +
                                                    consider how much CO<sub>2</sub> can be absorbed, investment cost of equipment,
 +
                                                    the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> that can be reduced, and calculate the input and output to evaluate
 +
                                                    whether there is positive benefit.
 +
                                                </p>
 +
                                                <li class="licontent">We will consider the secondary cost of waste disposal,
 +
                                                    just like the application of your company unit in basic-oxygen-furnace slag,
 +
                                                    will you consider the cost of waste recycling be beneficial?
 +
                                                    Or is there a problem caused by China Steel and secondary pollution?
 +
                                                </li>
 +
                                                <p class="pcontent">This part cannot be provided due to operational confidentiality.
 +
                                                    It is recommended that this proposition should be turned into be directly used as a marketable product.
 +
                                                    The cost of the resource should be assessed by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a whole.
 +
                                                </p>
 +
                                                <li class="licontent">Since our project is facing the problem about the higher cost of culture medium,
 +
                                                    we would like to ask you about the benefit of carbon fixation and cost of carbon fixation method.
 +
                                                </li>
 +
                                                <p class="pcontent">The cost of carbon fixation depends on the carbon capture and storage methods used.
 +
                                                    For example, the calcium circuit developed by the Industrial Research Institute is used to capture carbon.
 +
                                                    The recent cost of carbon capture is intended to be reduced to US$30 per ton, and US$10 per ton of geological storage is required.
 +
                                                    Competition between carbon capture methods can be assessed by cost and overall utilization of reuse.
 +
                                                </p>
 +
                                                <li class="licontent">Regarding the part of industry-university cooperation,
 +
                                                    I would like to ask why China Steel chose to cooperate with Annan Campus in NCKU for microalgae carbon fixation.
 +
                                                </li>
 +
                                                <p class="pcontent">When the former academic research unit strives for the NEP project (National Energy Program),
 +
                                                    the technology that the audited authority usually requires that project must be adopted by the industry.
 +
                                                    Therefore, both the academic research center and the industry usually sign the cooperation letter of intent for review.
 +
                                                    For China Steel, it is willing to support the academic research community to conduct
 +
                                                    forward-looking technical research with national resources
 +
                                                    to provide the technical information needed to evaluate feasibility.
 +
                                                </p>
 +
                                                <li class="licontent">The medium we need will still consume energy in the process of preparation,
 +
                                                    and it may cause carbon emissions simultaneously.
 +
                                                    We wonder how to regard upon overall carbon footprint may be increased from the perspective of enterprise.
 +
                                                </li>
 +
                                                <p class="pcontent">If the overall footprint of the carbon fixation process developed may be positive (increased),
 +
                                                    in general, from the perspective of carbon reduction within the enterprise, there is no possibility of application.
 +
                                                    If the derived external carbon reduction benefit is greater than the internal carbon loss,
 +
                                                    it proves to have a positive net benefit to the environment.
 +
                                                    As long as it meets the feasibility of engineering and economic, the enterprise is willing to adopt it.
 +
                                                </p>
 +
                                                <li class="licontent">Research on carbon fixation, what is the driving force for China Steel in addition to economic benefits?</li>
 +
                                                <p class="pcontent">Regulatory requirements, corporate identity and social responsibility.</p>
 +
                                            </ol>
  
<div class="clear"></div>
+
                                            <h5 class="boldh5">Part3. Picture Record</h5>
 
+
                                            <div class="row">
 
+
                                                <div class="col-6">
 
+
                                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/7/75/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_csc1.png">
<div class="column full_size">
+
                                                </div>
 
+
                                                <div class="col-6">
<h1>Entrepreneurship</h1>
+
                                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/7/70/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_csc2.png">
 
+
                                                </div>
</div>
+
                                            </div>
 
+
                                            <div class="row">
<div class="column two_thirds_size">
+
                                                <div class="col-6">
<h3>Best Supporting Entrepreneurship Special Prize</h3>
+
                                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/fd/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_csc3.png">
<p>
+
                                                </div>
In previous years, iGEM had an entrepreneurship track. Teams were encouraged to build projects and focus on commercializing their work. We have now moved to an award as the best work in this area may come from teams who are not solely focused on entrepreneurship.
+
                                                <div class="col-6">
</p>
+
                                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/f6/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_csc4.png">
 
+
                                                </div>
<p>The Best Supporting Entrepreneurship award recognizes exceptional effort to build a business case and commercialize an iGEM project. This award is open to all teams to show that entrepreneurship is something all teams can aspire to do with their project. This award can go to an new project, or to a previous project that a team aimed to commercialize. Have you filed a provisional patent on your project/device/process? Have you raised money to build and ship products? Have you pitched your idea to investors and received money? As always in iGEM, the aim is to impress the judges!
+
                                            </div>
 
+
                                        </div>
<br><br>
+
                                    </div>  
To compete for the <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Judging/Awards">Best Supporting Entrepreneurship prize</a>, please describe your work on this page and also fill out the description on the <a href="https://2018.igem.org/Judging/Judging_Form">judging form</a>.
+
                                </div>
<br><br>
+
You must also delete the message box on the top of this page to be eligible for this prize.
+
</p>
+
</p>
+
</div>
+
 
+
<div class="column third_size">
+
<div class="highlight decoration_A_full">
+
<h3>Inspiration</h3>
+
<p>You can look at what other teams did to get some inspiration! <br />
+
Here are a few examples:</p>
+
<ul>
+
<li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Sydney_Australia">2016 Sydney Australia</a></li>
+
<li><a href="https://2016.igem.org/Team:Pasteur_Paris">2016 Pasteur Paris</a></li>
+
<li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:UCC_Ireland">2014 UCC Ireland</a></li>
+
<li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Imperial">2014 Imperial College London</a></li>
+
</ul>
+
</div>
+
</div>
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
<div class="clear"></div>
+
 
+
<div class="column full_size">
+
<h3>Patents and intellectual property</h3>
+
 
+
<p>
+
If your team is seriously considering commercializing and looking into building a company after the competition, you may want to look at how you are going to protect your work and secure investment. Investors will usually require some form of intellectual protection, so you may want to investigate how to apply for a patent or provisional patent in your country and region before disclosing your project at iGEM. Remember that you can only be evaluated in iGEM based on what you share on your wiki and at the Jamboree, so any work you don't present can't count towards your project. </p>
+
 
+
<p>This is an area where we are different as we care about sharing, openness and contributing to the community and investors don't always agree with these values. It is up to you and your team to decide what to do. Remember that most universities have a commercialization department and that you can talk to them before coming to a decision.
+
</p>  
+
</div>
+
 
+
<div class="clear"></div>
+
  
 +
                                <div id="Business_Model">
 +
                                    <h3>Business Model</h3>
 +
                                    <div class="centerimg">
 +
                                        <img style="width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/48/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_business_model.png" alt="gasflow">
 +
                                    </div>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">
 +
                                    </p>
 +
                                    <h5 class="boldh5"></h5>
 +
                                </div>
  
 +
                                <div id="Cost_Evaluation">
 +
                                    <h3>Cost Evaluation</h3>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">The cost evaluation is always crucial for product being on the market. To compare our engineered <i>E. coli</i> to microalgae, we
 +
                                    calculate how much the cost it would be when capturing 1000 kilograms CO<sub>2</sub>.
 +
                                    </p>
 +
                                    <h5 class="boldh5">Volume</h5>
 +
                                    <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 1  Volume require in capturing 1000 kg CO<sub>2</sub> </p>
 +
                                    <div class="card card-body">
 +
                                        <table>
 +
                                            <tr>
 +
                                                <th colspan="1">Organisms</th>
 +
                                                <th colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>-fixation rate (mg/L*hr)</th>
 +
                                                <th colspan="1">Biomass concentration (gDCW/L)</th> 
 +
                                                <th colspan="1">Specific CO<sub>2</sub>-fixation rate</th> 
 +
                                                <th colspan="1">Volume needed (L)</th>                                                       
 +
                                            </tr>
 +
                                            <tr>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">Engineered <i>E. coli</i></td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">19.6</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">0.87</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">22.5</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">51000</td>
 +
                                            </tr>
 +
                                            <tr>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">Chlorella vulgaris</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">53</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">5.7</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">9.3</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">19000</td>
 +
                                            </tr>
 +
                                        </table>
 +
                                    </div>
 +
                                    <h5 class="boldh5">Cost</h5>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">
 +
                                        The most expensive source in the medium of our engineered <i>E. coli</i> is xylose.
 +
                                        1 mole xylose will capture 0.17 mole CO<sub>2</sub>,
 +
                                        so it would need 20.0535 kilograms xylose and 1 kilogram xylose is cost 2 USD.
 +
                                        The total cost for our engineered <i>E. coli</i> is require 40.107 USD for capture 1 kilogram CO<sub>2</sub>.
 +
                                        In contrast, microalgae need 1000 liter to capture 250 gram CO<sub>2</sub>,
 +
                                        so it need 4000 liter (about 4 Tons) water and 1 tons is cost 9.78 USD (300NT).
 +
                                        The total cost for microalgae is require 39.13 USD.
 +
                                    </p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 2 Cost require in capturing 1000 kg CO<sub>2</sub> </p>
 +
                                    <div class="card card-body">
 +
                                        <table>
 +
                                            <tr>
 +
                                                <th colspan="1">Item</th>
 +
                                                <th colspan="1">Microalgae</th>
 +
                                                <th colspan="1">Engineered <i>E. coli</i></th>                                           
 +
                                            </tr>
 +
                                            <tr>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">CO2 utilizing rate</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">250g/m3/day</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">19.6 mg/g (DRY cell weight)</td>
 +
                                            </tr>
 +
                                            <tr>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">source required for 1kg CO2 utilization</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">4 tons of water</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">20.0535kg xylose</td>
 +
                                            </tr>
 +
                                            <tr>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">Cost</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">39.13USD</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">40.107USD</td>
 +
                                            </tr>
 +
                                            <tr>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">Source</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">NCKU Annan campus</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">Adjust reference<sup>[1]</sup> and experiment</td>
 +
                                            </tr>
 +
                                        </table>
 +
                                        <p class="pcontent">According to our research of mircoalgae culture in AN-nan campus,
 +
                                            we list the data of its cost and CO<sub>2</sub> utilization rate to help us optimize our project. As a result, we conclude that Engineered E. coli has a
 +
                                            strong competitive advantage with proper cost to apply it.
 +
                                        </p>
 +
                                    </div>
 +
                                </div>
 +
                               
 +
                                <div id="Reference">
 +
                                    <h3>Reference</h3>
 +
                                    <ol>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">Fuyu G, Guoxia L, Xiaoyun Z, Jie Z, Zhen C and Yin L. Quantitative analysis of an engineered CO2-fixing Escherichia coli reveals great potential of heterotrophic CO2 fixation. Gong et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2015, 8:86.</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">
 +
張嘉修、陳俊延、林志生、楊勝仲、周德珍、郭子禎、顏宏偉、李澤民 (2015), 二氧化碳再利用─微藻養殖, 科學發展 2015 年 6 月│ 510 期 </li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp"> Lawrence Irlam (2017), GLOBAL COSTS OF CARBON CAPTURE AND
 +
STORAGE, Global CCS Institute, Senior Adviser Policy & Economics, Asia-Pacific Region </li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">Jin Hwan Park, Jae Eun Oh, Kwang Ho Lee, Ji Young Kim, and Sang Yup Lee. Rational Design of Escherichia coli for L‑Isoleucine Production. [ACS Synth Biol.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656230#) 2012</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">M. KUNDAK, L. LAZI], J. RNKO. CO2 EMISSIONS IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY. METALURGIJA 48, 2009</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">V. N. Kalpana, D. Sathya Prabhu, S. Vinodhini and Devirajeswari V. Biomedical waste and its management. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">Qian Ma, Quanwei Zhang, Qingyang Xu, Chenglin Zhang, Yanjun Li, Xiaoguang Fan, Xixian Xie, Ning Chen. Systems metabolic engineering strategies for the production of amino acids. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2 (2017)</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">Jørgen Barsett Magnus, Daniel Hollwedel, Marco Oldiges, and Ralf Takors. Monitoring and Modeling of the Reaction Dynamics in the Valine/Leucine Synthesis Pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol. Prog. 2006</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">Isao Kusumoto. Industrial Production of L-Glutamine. American Society for Nutritional Sciences, 2001</li>
 +
                                    </ol>
 +
                                </div>
 +
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