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<html>
 
<html>
    <head>
 
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://2018.igem.org/Template:NCKU_Tainan/css/applied_design?action=raw&ctype=text/css">
 
    </head>
 
    <body data-spy="scroll" data-target=".navbar-example">
 
        <div class="container content">
 
        <h1 class="head">Product Design</h1>
 
            <div class="navbar-example">
 
                <div class="row">
 
                    <div class="col-2 side">     
 
                        <div id="sidelist" class="list-group">
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Product_Design">Product Design</a>
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a>
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Business_Model">Business Model</a>
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Cost_Evaluation">Cost Evaluation</a>
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Future_Work">Future Work</a>
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Reference">Reference</a>
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up fa-1x" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>
 
                        </div>
 
                    </div>
 
                    <div class="col-10">
 
                        <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#sidelist" data-offset="0" class="scrollspy-example">
 
                            <div class="container">
 
                                <div id="Product_Design">
 
                                    <h3>Product Design</h3>
 
                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/2/26/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_product.gif" alt="product design">
 
                                    <p class="pcenter"> Fig.1 Flow chart of E. coli carbon utilization system </p>                                   
 
                                      <ol>
 
                                        <li class="licontent">Overview</li>
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">In this project, we, the NCKU Tainan Team, have proposed an alternative way to reduce the emission of Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). Referring to the opinions and feedbacks from many industry experts and professors, we design a new factory flow to capture CO<sub>2</sub> by <i>E. coli</i> Not only our device meets the specs to commercialize, but it also demonstrates high cost performance.
 
                                        </p>
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">The emission of CO<sub>2</sub> has been a serious problem for a century that causes global warming and severe climate change. Even though many ways have been tried to reduce it, the generation of CO<sub>2</sub> primarily from industry is still overwhelming. Therefore, scientists and governments have been working hard to find solutions to tackle the problem.
 
                                        </p>
 
                                        <li class="licontent">Control System</li>
 
                                        <div class="centerimg">
 
                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/6/68/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_overview.png" alt="overview">
 
                                        </div>
 
                                        <p class="pcenter">Fig. 2 Overview of the control system </p>                                 
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">There are many aspects we need to consider. First, we calculate the emission velocity of CO<sub>2</sub> from the factory, as well as the medium exchange rate and the growth rate of our <i>E. coli</i>.  </p>
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">
 
Fig. 1 is a process of whole <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization that we design for industrial application. We simplify it into three parts which shows in Fig. 2 to explain more clearly. Three switches control three parts, named A, B and C. Basically, the factory replaces the medium twice a day. At one hour before replacing the medium, the user needs to turn on switch C to discharge ninety percent of the medium. When it is time to replace the medium, switch C will be turned off and switch B will be turned on to refill medium. When sufficient medium is added, switch B will be turned off and switch A will be turned on to let CO<sub>2</sub> in. Just like the animation showed on Fig. 1.
 
                                        </p>
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">Considering the cost, the growth time of our <i>E. coli</i> and the floor area, we optimized replace time of the medium, replace it every twelve hours and with 72 parallel bioreactors.
 
Next, we are going to have more detail description on three parts, which are <a class="link" href="#gas_and_flow_system">Gas preparation system and flow system</a>,
 
                                            <a class="link" href="#medium_preparation">Medium preparation</a>,
 
                                            and <a class="link" href="#downstream">Downstream products purification and biosafety</a>.
 
                                        </p>
 
                                     
 
                                        <h5 class="boldh5" id="gas_and_flow_system">A. Gas preparation system and flow system</h5>
 
                                        <div class="centerimg">
 
                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/46/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_gasflow.png" alt="gasflow">
 
                                        </div>
 
                                        <p class="pcenter"> Fig. 3 Diagram of gas preparation system and flow system </p>
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">According to IGCC (Integrate Gasification Combined Cycle) flow diagram, the fuel is first converted to syngas which is a mixture of H<sub>2</sub> and CO. The syngas is then burned in a combined cycle consisting of a gas turbine and a steam turbine with a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). After CO<sub>2</sub> / H<sub>2</sub> separation, IGCC can reach the demand of CO<sub>2</sub> purity including low SOx and NOx emission fraction of allowable limits of bacteria. Finally, the produced flue gas could enter the pipeline leading to the bioreactor.  </p>
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">
 
In <i>E. coli </i>utilization system, the air is pumped in to neutralize the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub>. A controlled valve is used to control flow rate and split distribution. When the switch a is turned on, the switch b will be turned off, and vice versa. As for the CO<sub>2</sub> inlet and outlet, it will maintain an open system of bioreactor. In other words, CO<sub>2</sub> will enter continuously and cause some non-reacted CO<sub>2</sub> emitted.
 
                                        </p>
 
                                        <div class="centerimg">
 
                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/b/b8/T--NCKU_Tainan--IGCC.png" alt="medium">
 
                                        </div>
 
                                        <p class="pcenter"> Fig. 4 IGCC process flow diagram. Source: Vattenfall. (2010)
 
Syngas has been treated by sulfur and nitrogen removal, as well as heavy metal removal and cooling tank. Through IGCC process, purified CO<sub>2</sub> in flue gas is allowable for <i>E. coli</i> CO<sub>2</sub> utilizing. </p>
 
  
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    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://2018.igem.org/Template:NCKU_Tainan/css/applied_design?action=raw&ctype=text/css">
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                                        <h5 class="boldh5" id="medium_preparation">B. Medium preparation</h5>
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<body data-spy="scroll" data-target=".navbar-example">
                                        <div class="centerimg">
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    <div class="container content">
                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/f4/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_medium.png" alt="medium">
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        <div class="headstyle">
                                        </div>
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            <h1 class="head">Product Design</h1>
                                        <p class="pcenter"> Fig. 5 Diagram of medium preparation</p>
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        </div>
                                        <p class="pcontent">At this stage, we have two sections to consider, medium storage and medium preparation before replacing time.</p>
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        <div class="righttitle">
                                        <p class="pcontent">
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            <h6 class="subtitle">Ideas Come True</h6>
The medium is composed of M9 salt and xylose. For storage, we will convert it into powder with the required proportion. At one hour before replacing time, pour the powder into the medium tank and turn on the water injection switch. Turn on the stirrer of medium tank to have medium powder and water perfect mixing. The outlet of bioreactor (switch c) will be turned on at the same time, letting ninety percent of the medium in the bioreactor flow out . When the medium have prepared well, turn on the switch a and switch b for replacing medium in bioreactor, while the switch c will be turned off.
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        </div>
                                         </p>
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        <div class="navbar-example">
                                        <p class="pcontent">We also consider the process of raw materials, especially xylose, which is the key source of our pathway. Since xylose is one of the products of agricultural waste degradation, we visited the  <a class="link" href="#gas_and_flow_system">2018 Tainan Biotechnology and Green Energy Expo </a> to consulted with researchers from National Energy Program-Phase II, whose projects was biofuel and biodegradable plastic production via agricultural waste.  They had developed technique that degrade cellulose and semi-cellulose by ion solution.  
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            <div class="row">
                                        </p>
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                <div class="col-2 side">
                                        <p class="pcontent">
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                    <div id="sidelist" class="list-group">
Besides, we have opportunity to collaborate with <a class="link" href="#gas_and_flow_system">UESTC-Chian team </a>. They work for degrading straw with synthetic biology and convert the product into bio-fuel. One of the product from straw degradation is xylose. These techniques are eco-friendly and low-energy-require. Therefore, the process development of xylose production will be a low-carbon-emission process.       </p>  
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Product_Design">Product Design</a>
                                        <h5 class="boldh5" id="downstream">C. Downstream products purification and biosafety</h5>
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Application">Application</a>
                                        <div class="centerimg">
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Business_Model">Business Model</a>
                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/7/7e/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_downstream.png" alt="downstream">
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Cost_Evaluation">Cost Evaluation</a>
                                        </div>
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Future_Work">Future Work</a>
                                        <p class="pcenter"> Fig. 6 Diagram of downstream process</p>
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Reference">References</a>
                                        <p class="pcontent">We will discharge 90% of the used medium in the bioreactor one hour before new medium flows in. Which means that we let 10% of the reacted bacteria remain in the bioreactor to maintain a steady cell density condition of in the bioreactor. The effluent medium will be sterilized and filtered in the downstream clean-up tank. At this step, we harvest the bacteria by centrifuging and extracting the by-product such as amino acids, proteins, medicine or bio-fuel. Different extracting process designed depends on different by-product.</p>
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up fa-1x"
<p class="pcontent">
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                                aria-hidden="true"></i></a>
Besides, we try to reuse the waste heat of factories for sterilizing. The waste water can be recycled as well. Through Removing toxins and adjusting pH value
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                    </div>
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                </div>
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                <div class="col-10">
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                    <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#sidelist" data-offset="0" class="scrollspy-example">
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                        <div class="container">
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                            <div id="Product_Design">
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                                <h3>Product Design</h3>
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                                <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/2/26/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_product.gif"
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                                    alt="product design">
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                                <p class="pcenter">Fig 1. Flow chart of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system </p>
 +
                                <ol>
 +
                                    <li class="licontent">Overview</li>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">In this project, we, the NCKU Tainan Team, have proposed an
 +
                                        alternative way to reduce the emission of Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>).
 +
                                        Referring to the opinions and feedbacks from many industry experts and
 +
                                         professors, we design a new factory flow to capture CO<sub>2</sub> by <i>E.
 +
                                            coli</i> Not only our device meets the specs to commercialize, but it also
 +
                                        demonstrates high cost performance.
 +
                                    </p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">The emission of CO<sub>2</sub> has been a serious problem for a
 +
                                        century that causes global warming and severe climate change. Even though many
 +
                                        ways have been tried to reduce it, the generation of CO<sub>2</sub> primarily
 +
                                        from industry is still overwhelming. Therefore, scientists and governments have
 +
                                        been working hard to find solutions to tackle the problem.
 +
                                    </p>
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                                    <li class="licontent">Control System</li>
 +
                                    <div class="centerimg">
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                                        <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/6/68/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_overview.png"
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                                            alt="overview">
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                                    </div>
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                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 2. Overview of the control system </p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">There are many aspects we need to consider. First, we calculate
 +
                                        the emission velocity of CO<sub>2</sub> from the factory, as well as the medium
 +
                                        exchange rate and the growth rate of <i>E. coli</i>. </p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">
 +
                                        Fig 1. is a process of whole <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization that we design
 +
                                        for industrial application. We simplify it into three parts which shows in Fig
 +
                                        2. to explain more clearly. Three switches control three parts, named A, B and
 +
                                        C. Basically, the factory replaces the medium twice a day. At one hour before
 +
                                        replacing the medium, the user needs to turn on switch C to discharge ninety
 +
                                        percent of the medium. When it is time to replace the medium, switch C will be
 +
                                        turned off and switch B will be turned on to refill medium. When sufficient
 +
                                        medium is added, switch B will be turned off and switch A will be turned on to
 +
                                        let CO<sub>2</sub> in. Just like the animation showed on Fig 1..
 +
                                    </p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">Considering the cost, the growth time of our <i>E. coli</i> and
 +
                                        the floor area, we optimized replace time of the medium, replace it every
 +
                                        twelve hours and with 72 parallel bioreactors.
 +
                                        Next, we are going to have more detail description on three parts, which are <a
 +
                                            class="link" href="#gas_and_flow_system">Gas preparation system and flow
 +
                                            system</a>,
 +
                                        <a class="link" href="#medium_preparation">Medium preparation</a>,
 +
                                        and <a class="link" href="#downstream">Downstream products purification and
 +
                                            biosafety</a>.
 +
                                    </p>
  
the effluent could return to the medium tank. As for energy require for this system, renewable energy helps us to reach near -zero carbon emission process.
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                                    <h5 class="boldh5" id="gas_and_flow_system">A. Gas preparation system and flow
                                         </p>
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                                         system</h5>
                                     </ol>
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                                     <div class="centerimg">
                                </div>
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                                        <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/46/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_gasflow.png"
                                <div id="Entrepreneurship">
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                                            alt="gasflow">
                                    <h3>Entrepreneurship : China Steel</h3>
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                                    </div>
                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/a/a9/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_chinasteel1.png" alt="china_steel">
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                                     <p class="pcenter">Fig 3. Diagram of gas preparation system and flow system </p>
                                     <p class="pcenter">Fig.7 Picture of CSC interview</p>
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                                     <p class="pcontent">According to IGCC (Integrate Gasification Combined Cycle) flow
                                     <p class="pcontent">Meeting with experts and stakeholders is important in shaping our project to fulfill the needs of our target user.  
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                                        diagram, the fuel is first converted to syngas which is a mixture of H<sub>2</sub>
                                    China Steel Corporation is the largest integrated steel Manufacturer in Taiwan. Also, they had been adopting the algal bio-sequestration by
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                                        and CO. The syngas is then burned in a combined cycle consisting of a gas
                                     cooperating with the research group at our university. Click here to know more in Entrepreneurship:Process, Suggestion and question and  
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                                        turbine and a steam turbine with a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). After
                                     Interview record.
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                                        CO<sub>2</sub> / H<sub>2</sub> separation, IGCC can reach the demand of CO<sub>2</sub>
 +
                                        purity including low SOx and NOx emission fraction of allowable limits of
 +
                                        bacteria. Finally, the produced flue gas could enter the pipeline leading to
 +
                                        the bioreactor. </p>
 +
                                     <p class="pcontent">
 +
                                        In <i>E. coli </i>utilization system, the air is pumped in to neutralize the
 +
                                        concentration of CO<sub>2</sub>. A controlled valve is used to control flow
 +
                                        rate and split distribution. When the switch a is turned on, the switch b will
 +
                                        be turned off, and vice versa. As for the CO<sub>2</sub> inlet and outlet, it
 +
                                        will maintain an open system of bioreactor. In other words, CO<sub>2</sub> will
 +
                                        enter continuously and cause some non-reacted CO<sub>2</sub> emitted.
 +
                                     </p>
 +
                                    <div class="centerimg">
 +
                                        <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/b/b8/T--NCKU_Tainan--IGCC.png"
 +
                                            alt="medium">
 +
                                    </div>
 +
                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 4. IGCC process flow diagram. Source: Vattenfall. (2010)
 +
                                        <br></br>
 +
                                        Syngas has been treated by sulfur and nitrogen removal, as well as heavy metal
 +
                                        removal and cooling tank. Through IGCC process, purified CO<sub>2</sub> in flue
 +
                                        gas is allowable for <i>E. coli</i> CO<sub>2</sub> utilizing. </p>
  
 +
 +
                                    <h5 class="boldh5" id="medium_preparation">B. Medium preparation</h5>
 +
                                    <div class="centerimg">
 +
                                        <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/f4/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_medium.png"
 +
                                            alt="medium">
 +
                                    </div>
 +
                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 5. Diagram of medium preparation</p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">At this stage, we have two sections to consider, medium storage
 +
                                        and medium preparation before replacing time.</p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">
 +
                                        The medium is composed of M9 salt and xylose. For storage, we will convert it
 +
                                        into powder with the required proportion. At one hour before replacing time,
 +
                                        pour the powder into the medium tank and turn on the water injection switch.
 +
                                        Turn on the stirrer of medium tank to have medium powder and water perfect
 +
                                        mixing. The outlet of bioreactor (switch c) will be turned on at the same time,
 +
                                        letting ninety percent of the medium in the bioreactor flow out . When the
 +
                                        medium have prepared well, turn on the switch a and switch b for replacing
 +
                                        medium in bioreactor, while the switch c will be turned off.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                    <h5 class="boldh5">Process</h5>
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">We also consider the process of raw materials, especially
                                     <p class="pcontent">We were given the opportunity to meet with the senior executive of China Steel Corporation
+
                                         xylose, which is the key source of our pathway. Since xylose is one of the
                                         to gain invaluable insight for our research. The meeting commenced with our presentation.  
+
                                         products of agricultural waste degradation, we visited the <a class="link" href="#gas_and_flow_system">2018
                                         During the presentation, we introduced our project, including the bioreactor design and the industrial model.
+
                                            Tainan Biotechnology and Green Energy Expo </a> to consulted with
                                         By listing out all the aspects we had considered, we would like to obtain advice
+
                                         researchers from National Energy Program-Phase II, whose projects was biofuel
                                         on the practical and social considerations involved in the application of our project in industry.
+
                                         and biodegradable plastic production via agricultural waste. They had developed
 +
                                        technique that degrade cellulose and semi-cellulose by ion solution.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                 
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">
                                     <h5 class="boldh5">Suggestion and question</h5>
+
                                        Besides, we have opportunity to collaborate with <a class="link" href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:NCKU_Tainan/Collaborations#UESTC-China">UESTC-Chian
                                    <p class="pcontent">Will the high concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> retard growth of engineered bacteria?</p>
+
                                            team </a>. They work for degrading straw with synthetic biology and convert
                                    <p class="pcontent">Microalgae is reported resistant to SOx and NOx. Does <i>E. coli</i> survive under such conditions?</p>
+
                                         the product into bio-fuel. One of the product from straw degradation is xylose.
                                    <p class="pcontent">The best condition for engineered <i>E. coli</i> to capture CO<sub>2</sub> is a lower CO<sub>2</sub>
+
                                         These techniques are eco-friendly and low-energy-require. Therefore, the
                                        concentration without too much SOx and NOx particles.
+
                                         process development of xylose production will be a low-carbon-emission process.
                                         However, we won’t be able to provide an ideal culture condition in Industrial application.  
+
                                        After testing the tolerance of <i>E. coli</i>, we conclude that <i>E. coli</i> is possible to survive under that
+
                                         kind of condition in factory and the only effects its expression.
+
                                         It may not capture as much CO<sub>2</sub> as culture in the lab.
+
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <p class="pcontent">It is important to define a specific commercial product that can be truly produced
+
                                     <h5 class="boldh5" id="downstream">C. Downstream products purification and
                                         since your user may consider its economic viability.
+
                                         biosafety</h5>
                                         They stated that a product that can be widely used is better.  
+
                                    <div class="centerimg">
                                         At the same time, we should consider current GMO legislation if we want to commercialize those products.
+
                                         <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/7/7e/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_downstream.png"
                                         The actual condition is not as ideal as in the laboratory,  
+
                                            alt="downstream">
                                         we should optimize the condition to maximize the carbon fixation ability of the microbes.
+
                                    </div>
 +
                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 6. Diagram of downstream process</p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">We will discharge 90% of the used medium in the bioreactor one
 +
                                        hour before new medium flows in. Which means that we let 10% of the culture
 +
                                         remain in the bioreactor as seed culture. The effluent medium will be
 +
                                         sterilized and filtered in the downstream clean-up tank. At this step, we
 +
                                         harvest the bacteria and extracting the by-product such as amino acids,
 +
                                        proteins, medicine or bio-fuel. Different extracting process designed depends
 +
                                        on different by-product.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                    <h5 class="boldh5">Interview record</h5>
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">Besides, we try to reuse the waste heat of factories for
                                     <p class="pcontent"> The record can be separated into two parts.
+
                                        sterilizing. The waste water can be recycled as well through removing toxins
                                        One is about their feedback after interview, another one is our customer investigate questions.
+
                                        and adjusting pH value the effluent could return to the medium tank. As for
                                        We use CSC represent China Steel.
+
                                        energy require for this system, renewable energy helps us to reach near -zero
                                    </p>
+
                                        carbon emission process.
                                    <div class="row">
+
                                    </p>
                                        <a class="btn col-md-12" data-toggle="collapse" href="#complete_interview" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multiCollapseExample1">
+
                                    <p class="pcontent">Furthermore, we would like to set up membrane bioreactor (MBR)
                                            Click to see complete interview
+
                                        system, which use a hollow filter membrane that is able to filter most of
                                            <i class="fa fa-arrow-down fa-10" aria-hidden="true"></i>
+
                                        bacteria in the sewage sludge. We use the system to concentrate the used medium
                                        </a>
+
                                        before extracting by-product. And the water went through the system is able to
                                    </div>   
+
                                        recycle back to the medium tank.
                                    <div class="collapse multi-collapse" id="complete_interview">
+
                                    </p>
                                        <div class="card card-body">
+
                                    <div class="centerimg">
                                            <h5 class=boldh5>Part1. Interview record</h5>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">Date:September. 15, 9 am.</p>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">Location:China Steel meeting room</p>
+
                                            <br>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">CSC: What is the adaptability of <i>E. coli</i> for the corporate?
+
                                                Do you have any doubt about the actual application?
+
                                            </p>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">It can be explained from the following points:</p>
+
                                            <ol>
+
                                                <li class="licontent">Concentration:</li>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">Bacteria can tolerate the increase of CO<sub>2</sub> concentration.
+
                                                    However, there is limit in the input, and our team is targeting this system.
+
                                                </p>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">A shunt is designed to slow down the rate of input to enter the bacteria rapidly.</p>
+
                                                <li class="licontent">Temperature:</li>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">In this system, 42 degrees Celsius is our limit,
+
                                                    and we need to overcome by technology in the high temperature.
+
                                                </p>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">The problem is that our team will lower the temperature through other devices.</p>
+
                                                <li class="licontent">Waste:</li>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">Our team solves the problem of waste by recycling and filtering out.</p>
+
                                            </ol>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">CSC :From the perspective of the company,  
+
                                                how much additional benefit can it bring to the output value of the products in their downstream of system?
+
                                            </p>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">At present, the product of downstream in our system is glutamine,  
+
                                                why we choose is because glutamine is accessible and easy to operate for us.
+
                                                Its additional benefit refers to the different application.
+
                                                Take the market value of glutamine as example, the additional benefit can reach 10 times larger of the <i>E. coli</i> culture cost,
+
                                                ignoring the fixed cost of the whole system.
+
                                            </p>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">Besides, <i>E. coli</i> was regarded as high potential species to produce all kinds of protein.
+
                                                Including essential amino acid that cannot be synthesized by organism, or forage for stock farmer.
+
                                                Therefore, our system has high potential output value to bring great additional benefit.
+
                                            </p>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">CSC:China Steel is the second largest carbon consumer in our country.
+
                                                It needs two-thirds of Taiwan's area to balance one-tenth of the current emissions.  
+
                                                In practice, it is still too far away.
+
                                                Is it possible to match the materials with 3D layout?
+
                                            </p>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">We want to save the space and culture in high density concentration:</p>
+
                                            <ol>
+
                                                <li class="licontent">Reduce the volume of culture material</li>
+
                                                <li class="licontent">Stacking the bioreactors</li>
+
                                            </ol>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">CSC: How to deal with the waste of this system? Is there a problem with super Cryptococcus neoformans?</p>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">The protein needs to be separated before produced.  
+
                                                At the same time,this process will produce the bio-waste.
+
                                                The special process is high temperature and high pressure.
+
                                                It can be used in the factory's original waste system under the high temperature and high pressure environment.
+
                                            </p>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">We use the general strains, and there is no possibility of mutations.
+
                                                In addition, with the monitoring of environmental, the probability of mutation is greatly reduced to reach biosafety.
+
                                            </p>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">CSC position description:</p>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent">Algae is one of the implementation of the CCS plan, and they always want to build a multi-system.
+
                                                Each system has its advantages and disadvantages.
+
                                                Therefore, what we proposed was a one more choice for them and they were glad to hear
+
                                                that <i>E. coli</i> and contribute to CCS&U (Carbon Capture Storage and Utilization).
+
                                            </p>
+
  
                                            <h5 class="boldh5">Part2. Customer demand investigation</h5>
+
                                        <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/c/c1/T--NCKU_Tainan--Product_MBR.gif"
                                            <ol>
+
                                            alt="MBR">
                                                <li class="licontent">The research and development of new technologies,
+
                                        <p class="pcenter">Fig 7. Picture of waste water recycle system </p>
                                                    which level will be considered to mature and worthy investing specifically?
+
                                                </li>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">There are three conditions:</p>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">1) Feasibility of laboratory technology: It’s ok with technical confirmation.</p>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">2) Feasibility of engineering: It’s feasible under engineering equipment construction,
+
                                                    application of space and on-site environmental conditions.
+
                                                </p>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">3) Feasibility of economic: total cost (input, output) must be positive benefits.</p>
+
                                                <li class="licontent">There is a problem of limited space in Taiwan, how much space did we need to reduce at least in the enterprise?</li>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">This proposition should be how much CO<sub>2</sub> the technology can absorb per unit area.
+
                                                    Based on this basis, Industrial will evaluate the existing space of the factory,
+
                                                    consider how much CO<sub>2</sub> can be absorbed, investment cost of equipment,
+
                                                    the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> that can be reduced, and calculate the input and output to evaluate
+
                                                    whether there is positive benefit.
+
                                                </p>
+
                                                <li class="licontent">We will consider the secondary cost of waste disposal,
+
                                                    just like the application of your company unit in basic-oxygen-furnace slag,
+
                                                    will you consider the cost of waste recycling be beneficial?
+
                                                    Or is there a problem caused by China Steel and secondary pollution?
+
                                                </li>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">This part cannot be provided due to operational confidentiality.
+
                                                    It is recommended that this proposition should be turned into be directly used as a marketable product.
+
                                                    The cost of the resource should be assessed by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a whole.
+
                                                </p>
+
                                                <li class="licontent">Since our project is facing the problem about the higher cost of culture medium,
+
                                                    we would like to ask you about the benefit of carbon fixation and cost of carbon fixation method.
+
                                                </li>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">The cost of carbon fixation depends on the carbon capture and storage methods used.
+
                                                    For example, the calcium circuit developed by the Industrial Research Institute is used to capture carbon.
+
                                                    The recent cost of carbon capture is intended to be reduced to US$30 per ton, and US$10 per ton of geological storage is required.
+
                                                    Competition between carbon capture methods can be assessed by cost and overall utilization of reuse.
+
                                                </p>
+
                                                <li class="licontent">Regarding the part of industry-university cooperation,
+
                                                    I would like to ask why China Steel chose to cooperate with Annan Campus in NCKU for microalgae carbon fixation.
+
                                                </li>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">When the former academic research unit strives for the NEP project (National Energy Program),
+
                                                    the technology that the audited authority usually requires that project must be adopted by the industry.
+
                                                    Therefore, both the academic research center and the industry usually sign the cooperation letter of intent for review.
+
                                                    For China Steel, it is willing to support the academic research community to conduct
+
                                                    forward-looking technical research with national resources
+
                                                    to provide the technical information needed to evaluate feasibility.
+
                                                </p>
+
                                                <li class="licontent">The medium we need will still consume energy in the process of preparation,
+
                                                    and it may cause carbon emissions simultaneously.
+
                                                    We wonder how to regard upon overall carbon footprint may be increased from the perspective of enterprise.
+
                                                </li>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">If the overall footprint of the carbon fixation process developed may be positive (increased),
+
                                                    in general, from the perspective of carbon reduction within the enterprise, there is no possibility of application.  
+
                                                    If the derived external carbon reduction benefit is greater than the internal carbon loss,
+
                                                    it proves to have a positive net benefit to the environment.
+
                                                    As long as it meets the feasibility of engineering and economic, the enterprise is willing to adopt it.
+
                                                </p>
+
                                                <li class="licontent">Research on carbon fixation, what is the driving force for China Steel in addition to economic benefits?</li>
+
                                                <p class="pcontent">Regulatory requirements, corporate identity and social responsibility.</p>
+
                                            </ol>
+
  
                                             <h5 class="boldh5">Part3. Picture Record</h5>
+
                                        <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/1/11/T--NCKU_Tainan--Product_MBRreal.jpg"
                                            <div class="row">
+
                                             alt="real MBR">
                                                <div class="col-6">
+
                                        <p class="pcenter">Fig 8. Picture of MBR from KME technology Inc.</p>
                                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/7/75/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_csc1.png">
+
                                    </div>
                                                </div>
+
 
                                                <div class="col-6">
+
                                </ol>
                                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/7/70/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_csc2.png">
+
                            </div>
                                                </div>
+
                            <div id="Application">
                                            </div>
+
                                <h3>Application : China Steel</h3>
                                            <div class="row">
+
                                <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/a/a9/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_chinasteel1.png"
                                                <div class="col-6">
+
                                    alt="china_steel">
                                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/fd/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_csc3.png">
+
                                <p class="pcenter">Fig 9. Picture of CSC interview</p>
                                                </div>
+
                                <p class="pcontent">Meeting with experts and stakeholders is important in shaping our
                                                <div class="col-6">
+
                                    project to fulfill the needs of our target user.
                                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/f6/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_csc4.png">
+
                                    China Steel Corporation is the largest integrated steel Manufacturer in Taiwan.
                                                </div>
+
                                    Also, they had been adopting the algal bio-sequestration by
                                            </div>
+
                                    cooperating with the research group at our university.
                                         </div>
+
 
                                    </div>  
+
                                </p>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5">Process</h5>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">We were given the opportunity to meet with the senior executive of
 +
                                    China Steel Corporation
 +
                                    to gain invaluable insight for our research. The meeting commenced with our
 +
                                    presentation.
 +
                                    During the presentation, we introduced our project, including the bioreactor design
 +
                                    and the industrial model.
 +
                                    By listing out all the aspects we had considered, we would like to obtain advice
 +
                                    on the practical and social considerations involved in the application of our
 +
                                    project in industry.
 +
                                </p>
 +
 
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5">Suggestion and Question</h5>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">Will the high concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> retard growth of
 +
                                    engineered bacteria?</p>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">Microalgae is reported resistant to SOx and NOx. Does <i>E. coli</i>
 +
                                    survive under such conditions?</p>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">The two questions above were the main concern of CSC. Basically,the
 +
                                    best condition for engineered <i>E. coli</i> to capture CO<sub>2</sub> is a lower
 +
                                    CO<sub>2</sub>
 +
                                    concentration without too much SOx and NOx particles.
 +
                                    However, we won’t be able to provide an ideal culture condition in Industrial
 +
                                    application.
 +
                                    After testing the tolerance of <i>E. coli</i>, we conclude that <i>E. coli</i> is
 +
                                    possible to survive under that
 +
                                    kind of condition in factory and the only effects its expression.
 +
                                    It may not capture as much CO<sub>2</sub> as culture in the lab.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">It is important to define a specific commercial product that can be
 +
                                    truly produced
 +
                                    since your user may consider its economic viability.
 +
                                    They stated that a product that can be widely used is better.
 +
                                    At the same time, we should consider current GMO legislation if we want to
 +
                                    commercialize those products.
 +
                                    The actual condition is not as ideal as in the laboratory,
 +
                                    we should optimize the condition to maximize the carbon fixation ability of the
 +
                                    microbes.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5">Interview record</h5>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent"> The record can be separated into two parts.
 +
                                    One is about their feedback after interview, another one is our customer
 +
                                    investigate questions.
 +
                                    We use CSC represent China Steel.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent"><a class="link" href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:NCKU_Tainan/Entrepreneurship#CSC">Click
 +
                                        to see complete interview</a></p>
 +
                            </div>
 +
 
 +
                            <div id="Business_Model">
 +
                                <h3>Business Model</h3>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">The business model describes how an organization creates,
 +
                                    delivers, and captures value in an economic, social, cultural, or other
 +
                                    environment.
 +
                                    Therefore, we introduce this business model as the basis for assessing the
 +
                                    integrity and
 +
                                    effectiveness of our ideas to work with our industry and even national research.
 +
                                    First, we ask questions about this, and beyond the solution,
 +
                                    we also explain why we chose this question. Second, we analyzed future
 +
                                    developments,
 +
                                    including the advantages of using this approach.
 +
                                    Next, we introduce our plan to many relevant departments and discuss with the
 +
                                    national research.
 +
                                    I hope that this plan can be used to promote this plan in the future.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5">Target issue</h5>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">More and more people are now paying attention to the impact of CO<sub>2</sub>.
 +
                                    The trend of environmental degradation is gradually increasing.
 +
                                    Scientist and national worldwide contribute to capture those excessive CO<sub>2</sub>.
 +
                                    However, how to reduce carbon and use it has become a major problem today.
 +
                                    Challenges against carbon process are complicate. Except the technique and
 +
                                    implement problem,
 +
                                    social acceptability and policy are other key factors about carbon process
 +
                                    technology.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">In general, planting is a method of carbon process,
 +
                                    and the current use of green algae as a method of carbon utilization.
 +
                                    This year, we hope to combine synthetic biology with the most advanced
 +
                                    technologies.
 +
                                    We want to draw people's attention to the environment and reuse these
 +
                                    environmentally
 +
                                    stimulating projects.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5"> Business model analysis </h5>
 +
                                <div class="centerimg">
 +
                                    <img style="width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/48/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_business_model.png"
 +
                                         alt="gasflow">
 
                                 </div>
 
                                 </div>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent"></p>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5"></h5>
 +
                            </div>
  
                                <div id="Business_Model">
+
                            <div id="Cost_Evaluation">
                                    <h3>Business Model</h3>
+
                                <h3>Cost Evaluation</h3>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">The cost evaluation is always crucial for product being on the
 +
                                    market.
 +
                                    To compare our engineered <i>E. coli</i> to microalgae,
 +
                                    we calculate how much the cost it would be when capturing 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub>.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5">Volume</h5>
 +
                                <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 1 Volume required in capturing 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub></p>
 +
                                <div class="card card-body">
 +
                                    <table>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Organisms</th>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>-fixation rate (mg/L*hr)</th>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Biomass concentration (gDCW/L)</th>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Specific CO<sub>2</sub>-fixation rate</th>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Volume requiredd (L)</th>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">Engineered <i>E. coli</i></td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">19.6</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">0.87</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">22.5</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">51000</td>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">Chlorella vulgaris</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">53</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">5.7</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">9.3</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">19000</td>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                    </table>
 +
                                    <br>
 
                                     <div class="centerimg">
 
                                     <div class="centerimg">
                                         <img style="width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/48/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_business_model.png" alt="gasflow">
+
                                         <img style="width: 70%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/3/31/T--NCKU_Tainan--cost_volume.jpg"
 +
                                            alt="volume">
 
                                     </div>
 
                                     </div>
 +
                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 6. Different volume required between micralgae and
 +
                                        engineered <i>E. coli</i> </p>
 
                                     <p class="pcontent">
 
                                     <p class="pcontent">
 +
                                        For capturing 1kg of CO<sub>2</sub> in one hour, 51000 L is required with
 +
                                        engineered <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization. It seems that the difference
 +
                                        volume required for utilizing same amount of CO<sub>2</sub> is disadvantage of
 +
                                        <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system. At this situation, we have to look
 +
                                        into the design of the different bioreactor. For microalgae culture, it
 +
                                        requires a large surface area to increase light intensity. As usual, the height
 +
                                        of the microalgae culture pond cannot exceed 0.5 m. In other words, we have to
 +
                                        build a 7 m diameter culture pond with the volume of 19000L. In constrast,
 +
                                        engineered <i>E. coli</i> is not limited by light. The bioreactor of <i>E. coli</i>
 +
                                        can be built with any height in the indoor or outdoor. To scale up the
 +
                                        bioreactor, a 5.8 m diameted with 1.9 m height equals to 51000 L which has
 +
                                        lower floor area required.
 +
                                    </p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">As a result,the bioreactor of engineered <i>E. coli</i> can
 +
                                        save more than 30% floor area compared with micoralgae culture pond. Take the
 +
                                        floor area of Taiwan as an example, we can build 94 billions of microalgae
 +
                                        culture pond to uilize 10% of annual emission with 12 operation hours. However,
 +
                                        1 over 3 of floor area will be save if we replace them with <i>E. coli</i>
 +
                                        bioreactor. <i>E. coli</i> bioreactor is more flexible on spacing using, and is
 +
                                        less sensitive to weather effect.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                    <h5 class="boldh5"></h5>
 
                                </div>
 
  
                                 <div id="Cost_Evaluation">
+
                                 </div>
                                    <h3>Cost Evaluation</h3>
+
                                <h5 class="boldh5">Cost</h5>
                                    <p class="pcontent">The cost evaluation is always crucial for product being on the market. To compare our engineered <i>E. coli</i> to microalgae, we  
+
                                <p class="pcontent">
                                     calculate how much the cost it would be when capturing 1000 kilograms CO<sub>2</sub>.
+
                                    The most expensive source in the medium of our engineered <i>E. coli</i> is xylose.
 +
                                    1 mole of xylose will capture 0.17 mole of CO<sub>2</sub>.
 +
                                    Therefore, we need 20.0535 kg of xylose while 1 kg of xylose costs 2 USD.
 +
                                     The total cost for our engineered <i>E. coli</i> requires 40.107 USD for capture 1
 +
                                    ton of CO<sub>2</sub>.
 +
                                    In contrast, microalgae needs 1000 liter to capture 250 g of CO<sub>2</sub>,
 +
                                    so it needs 4000 liter (about 4 tons) water while 1 ton costs 9.78 USD.
 +
                                    The total cost for microalgae is 39.13 USD.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 2 Cost required in capturing 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub>
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <div class="card card-body">
 +
                                    <table>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Item</th>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Microalgae</th>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Engineered <i>E. coli</i></th>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub> utilizing rate</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">250 g/m<sup>3</sup>/day</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">19.6 mg/g (DRY cell weight)</td>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">source required for 1 kg CO<sub>2</sub> utilization</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">4 tons of water</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">20.0535 kg xylose</td>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">Cost</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">39.13 USD</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">40.107 USD</td>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">Source</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">NCKU Annan campus</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">Adjust reference<sup>[1]</sup> and experiment</td>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                    </table>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">We take two major industrial in Taiwan for example, which are
 +
                                        China Steel Corporation (CSC) and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company
 +
                                        (TSMC). We had done some research on annual emission and calculated with our CO<sub>2</sub>
 +
                                        utilization efficiency. We also set the average carbon emission of small and
 +
                                        medium enterprise (SME) as a standard goal which was easier to reach.
 +
                                        Therefore, we can model the scale of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system
 +
                                        working for 1 % CO<sub>2</sub> emission of different enterprise.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <h5 class="boldh5">Volume</h5>
+
                                     <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 3 Cost of dealing with 1% amount of
                                    <p class="pcenter"> Table 1 Volume require in capturing 1000 kg CO<sub>2</sub> </p>
+
                                        industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emission </p>
 
                                     <div class="card card-body">
 
                                     <div class="card card-body">
 
                                         <table>
 
                                         <table>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Organisms</th>
+
                                                 <th colspan="1">Industrial</th>
                                                 <th colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>-fixation rate (mg/L*hr)</th>
+
                                                 <th colspan="1">annual emission</th>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Biomass concentration (gDCW/L)</th>
+
                                                <th colspan="1">1% of CO<sub>2</sub> emission per hour</th>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Specific CO<sub>2</sub>-fixation rate</th>
+
                                                 <th colspan="1">Number of required device</th>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Volume needed (L)</th>                                                      
+
                                                 <th colspan="1">Area required</th>
 +
                                                 <th colspan="1">Operation cost (USD)</th>
 +
 
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <td colspan="1">Engineered <i>E. coli</i></td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">CSC</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">19.6</td>
+
                                                <td colspan="1">3.30 millon tons </td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">0.87</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">3750 kg</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">22.5</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">4555</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">51000</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">11.3875 hectare</td>
 +
                                                 <td colspan="1">150.4 thousands </td>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <td colspan="1">Chlorella vulgaris</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">TSMC</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">53</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">0.387 millon tons</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">5.7</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">442 kg</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">9.3</td>
+
                                                <td colspan="1">537</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">19000</td>
+
                                                <td colspan="1">1.34 hectare</td>
 +
                                                 <td colspan="1">17.3 thousands </td>
 +
                                            </tr>
 +
                                            <tr>
 +
                                                 <td colspan="1">SME</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">20 thousands tons</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">23.529 kg</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">29</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">0.0713 hectare</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">1 thousands </td>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                         </table>
 
                                         </table>
 
                                     </div>
 
                                     </div>
                                     <h5 class="boldh5">Cost</h5>
+
                                     <p class="pcontent" id="closep"> We take two major industrial in Taiwan for
                                    <p class="pcontent">
+
                                         example,
                                         The most expensive source in the medium of our engineered <i>E. coli</i> is xylose.
+
                                        which are China Steel Corporation (CSC) and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing
                                         1 mole xylose will capture 0.17 mole CO<sub>2</sub>,  
+
                                        Company (TSMC). We had research on annual emission and calculate with our
                                         so it would need 20.0535 kilograms xylose and 1 kilogram xylose is cost 2 USD.
+
                                         CO<sub>2</sub> utilization efficiency. Therefore,
                                        The total cost for our engineered <i>E. coli</i> is require 40.107 USD for capture 1 kilogram CO<sub>2</sub>.  
+
                                         we can model the scale of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system working
                                        In contrast, microalgae need 1000 liter to capture 250 gram CO<sub>2</sub>,  
+
                                        for 1 % of industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emission.
                                         so it need 4000 liter (about 4 Tons) water and 1 tons is cost 9.78 USD (300NT).
+
                                    </p>
                                         The total cost for microalgae is require 39.13 USD.
+
                                    <br>
 +
                                    <h5 class="boldh5">Energy consumption</h5>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">Our bioreactor applies in the industry,
 +
                                         including the magnetic stirrer, pump and controller.
 +
                                        It will cost 3313 USD every month if the price of industrial electricity
 +
                                         is 0.063 USD per kWh.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <p class="pcenter"> Table 1 Volume require in capturing 1000 kg CO<sub>2</sub> </p>
+
                                    <br>
 +
                                     <p class="pcenter"> Table 4 Energy consumption of different items of device </p>
 
                                     <div class="card card-body">
 
                                     <div class="card card-body">
 
                                         <table>
 
                                         <table>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Item</th>
+
                                                 <th colspan="1"></th>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Microalgae</th>
+
                                                 <th colspan="1">Magnetic stirrer</th>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Engineered <i>E. coli</i></th>                                          
+
                                                 <th colspan="1">Pump</th>
 +
                                                <th colspan="1">Controller</th>
 +
 
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <td colspan="1">CO2 utilizing rate</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">hp</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">250g/m3/day</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">2 </td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">19.6 mg/g (DRY cell weight)</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">none</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">100</td>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <td colspan="1">source required for 1kg CO2 utilization</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">kW</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">4 tons of water</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">1.47</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">20.0535kg xylose</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">0.1</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">73.5</td>
 +
 
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <td colspan="1">Cost</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">kWh</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">39.13USD</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">1058.4</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">40.107USD</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">72</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">52920</td>
 +
 
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <td colspan="1">Source</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">Price (USD)</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">NCKU Annan campus</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">67.03</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">Adjust reference<sup>[1]</sup> and experiment</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">4.56</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">3351.6</td>
 +
 
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                         </table>
 
                                         </table>
                                         <p class="pcontent">According to our research of mircoalgae culture in AN-nan campus,
+
                                         <p class="pcontent hpword">* hp = horse power</p>
                                            we list the data of its cost and CO<sub>2</sub> utilization rate to help us optimize our project. As a result, we conclude that Engineered E. coli has a
+
                                        <p class="pcontent hpword">* kW = kilowatt </p>
                                            strong competitive advantage with proper cost to apply it.
+
                                         <p class="pcontent hpword">* kWh = kilowatt per hour in one month</p>
                                         </p>
+
 
                                     </div>
 
                                     </div>
 
                                 </div>
 
                                 </div>
 +
 
                                 <div id="Future_Work">
 
                                 <div id="Future_Work">
 
                                     <h3>Future Work</h3>
 
                                     <h3>Future Work</h3>
                                     <p class="pcontent">For industrial application design, we focus on manufacturing valuable products using pyruvate and  
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">For industrial application design, we focus on manufacturing
                                         the linkage between our engineered <i>E. coli</i> between factory.  
+
                                        valuable products using pyruvate and
                                         We have designed a device containing our recombinant <i>E. coli</i>,  
+
                                         the linkage between our engineered <i>E. coli</i> between factory.
                                         constructed a system which links with factory.  
+
                                         We have designed a device containing our recombinant <i>E. coli</i>,
                                         However, we still look forward to more modifications of our biological pathway and system.
+
                                         constructed a system which links with factory.
 +
                                         However, we still look forward to more modifications of our biological pathway
 +
                                        and system.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <p class="pcontent">The most important intermediate product, pyruvate,  
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">The most important intermediate product, pyruvate,
                                         is also possible to be converted to other compounds by <i>E. coli</i> native enzymes or constructed enzymes  
+
                                         is also possible to be converted to other compounds by <i>E. coli</i> native
                                         which is clone into <i>E. coli</i> from other organism.  
+
                                        enzymes or constructed enzymes
                                         For future work of pyruvate, we expect that it is predicable to produce amino acid, fatty acid,  
+
                                         which is clone into <i>E. coli</i> from other organism.
                                         biofuel and even biodegradable plastic. Pyruvate is crucial for central metabolism pathway,  
+
                                         For future work of pyruvate, we expect that it is predicable to produce amino
                                         the TCA cycle, of most organism and has the potential to become vary biochemistry compounds.  
+
                                        acid, fatty acid,
 +
                                         biofuel and even biodegradable plastic. Pyruvate is crucial for central
 +
                                        metabolism pathway,
 +
                                         the TCA cycle, of most organism and has the potential to become vary
 +
                                        biochemistry compounds.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <p class="pcontent">We set our first future goal at producing glutamine,  
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">We set our first future goal at producing glutamine,
                                         an essential amino acid for human and some animals. We can simply purify it as a nutrient supply.  
+
                                         an essential amino acid for human and some animals. We can simply purify it as
                                         Not only for medical and daily usage for people, but also for animal husbandry.  
+
                                        a nutrient supply.
                                         Furthermore, glutamine can easily convert to other amino acid, and potentially produce other proteins.
+
                                         Not only for medical and daily usage for people, but also for animal husbandry.
 +
                                         Furthermore, glutamine can easily convert to other amino acid, and potentially
 +
                                        produce other proteins.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     <div class="centerimg">
 
                                     <div class="centerimg">
                                         <img style="width: 70%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/1/15/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_future_work.png" alt="gasflow">
+
                                         <img style="width: 70%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/1/15/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_future_work.png"
 +
                                            alt="gasflow">
 
                                     </div>
 
                                     </div>
                                        <p class="pcenter"> Fig. 8 Diagram of pyruvate in central carbon metabolism </p>
+
                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 10. Diagram of pyruvate in central carbon metabolism </p>
                                     <p class="pcontent">Furthermore, researchers have successfully constructed pathways produced cellulose and  
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">Furthermore, researchers have successfully constructed pathways
                                         Poly 3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate through the TCA cycle.  
+
                                        produced cellulose and
                                         We are confident of manufacturing more valuable and diverse products from pyruvate.
+
                                         Poly 3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate through the TCA cycle.
 +
                                         We are confident of manufacturing more valuable and diverse products from
 +
                                        pyruvate.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <p class="pcontent">WAs for the device we designed, we expect that it is possible to modify our device for power  
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">WAs for the device we designed, we expect that it is possible
                                         generator and other industry. Our device can utilize CO<sub>2</sub> and convert it into various valuable products.  
+
                                        to modify our device for power
                                         With our system, companies can not only reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emission but also make profits.
+
                                         generator and other industry. Our device can utilize CO<sub>2</sub> and convert
 +
                                        it into various valuable products.
 +
                                         With our system, companies can not only reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emission but also
 +
                                        make profits.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
 
                                 </div>
 
                                 </div>
 +
 
                                 <div id="Reference">
 
                                 <div id="Reference">
                                     <h3>Reference</h3>
+
                                     <h3>References</h3>
 
                                     <ol>
 
                                     <ol>
                                         <li class="smallp">Fuyu G, Guoxia L, Xiaoyun Z, Jie Z, Zhen C and Yin L. Quantitative analysis of an engineered CO2-fixing Escherichia coli reveals great potential of heterotrophic CO2 fixation. Gong et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2015, 8:86.</li>
+
                                         <li class="smallp">G. Fuyu, L. Guoxia, Z. Xiaoyun, Z. Jie, C. Zhen, L. Yin,
                                         <li class="smallp">  
+
                                            Quantitative analysis of an engineered CO<sub>2</sub>-fixing Escherichia
張嘉修、陳俊延、林志生、楊勝仲、周德珍、郭子禎、顏宏偉、李澤民 (2015), 二氧化碳再利用─微藻養殖, 科學發展 2015 年 6 月│ 510 期 </li>
+
                                            coli reveals great potential of heterotrophic CO<sub>2</sub> fixation. Gong
                                        <li class="smallp"> Lawrence Irlam (2017), GLOBAL COSTS OF CARBON CAPTURE AND
+
                                            et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2015, 8:86.</li>
STORAGE, Global CCS Institute, Senior Adviser Policy & Economics, Asia-Pacific Region </li>
+
                                         <li class="smallp">
                                        <li class="smallp">Jin Hwan Park, Jae Eun Oh, Kwang Ho Lee, Ji Young Kim, and Sang Yup Lee. Rational Design of Escherichia coli for L‑Isoleucine Production. [ACS Synth Biol.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656230#) 2012</li>
+
                                            張嘉修、陳俊延、林志生、楊勝仲、周德珍、郭子禎、顏宏偉、李澤民 (2015), 二氧化碳再利用─微藻養殖, 科學發展 2015 年 6 月│ 510
                                        <li class="smallp">M. KUNDAK, L. LAZI], J. RNKO. CO2 EMISSIONS IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY. METALURGIJA 48, 2009</li>
+
                                            期 </li>
                                        <li class="smallp">V. N. Kalpana, D. Sathya Prabhu, S. Vinodhini and Devirajeswari V. Biomedical waste and its management. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016</li>
+
                                        <li class="smallp"> L. Irlam, GLOBAL COSTS OF CARBON CAPTURE AND
                                        <li class="smallp">Qian Ma, Quanwei Zhang, Qingyang Xu, Chenglin Zhang, Yanjun Li, Xiaoguang Fan, Xixian Xie, Ning Chen. Systems metabolic engineering strategies for the production of amino acids. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2 (2017)</li>
+
                                            STORAGE, Global CCS Institute, Senior Adviser Policy & Economics,
                                        <li class="smallp">Jørgen Barsett Magnus, Daniel Hollwedel, Marco Oldiges, and Ralf Takors. Monitoring and Modeling of the Reaction Dynamics in the Valine/Leucine Synthesis Pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol. Prog. 2006</li>
+
                                            Asia-Pacific Region </li>
                                        <li class="smallp">Isao Kusumoto. Industrial Production of L-Glutamine. American Society for Nutritional Sciences, 2001</li>
+
                                        <li class="smallp">J. H. Park, J. E. Oh, K. H. Lee, J. Y. Kim, S. Y. Lee.
 +
                                            Rational Design of Escherichia coli for L‑Isoleucine Production. [ACS Synth
 +
                                            Biol.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656230#) 2012</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">M. KUNDAK, L. LAZI], J. RNKO. CO<sub>2</sub> EMISSIONS IN
 +
                                            THE STEEL INDUSTRY. METALURGIJA 48, 2009</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">V. N. Kalpana, D. S. Prabhu, S. Vinodhini, Devirajeswari V.
 +
                                            Biomedical waste and its management. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical
 +
                                            Research, 2016</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">Q. Ma, Q. Zhang, Q. Xu, C. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Fan, X. Xie, N.
 +
                                            Chen. Systems metabolic engineering strategies for the production of amino
 +
                                            acids. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2 (2017)</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">J. B. Magnus, D. Hollwedel, M. Oldiges, R. Takors.
 +
                                            Monitoring and Modeling of the Reaction Dynamics in the Valine/Leucine
 +
                                            Synthesis Pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol. Prog. 2006</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">I. Kusumoto. Industrial Production of L-Glutamine. American
 +
                                            Society for Nutritional Sciences, 2001</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">Q. Chen, Q. Wang, G. Wei, Q. Liang, Q. Qi. Production
 +
                                            inEscherichia coli of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) with
 +
                                            Differing Monomer Compositions from Unrelated Carbon Sources. APPLIED AND
 +
                                            ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 2011</li>
 
                                     </ol>
 
                                     </ol>
 
                                 </div>
 
                                 </div>
Line 421: Line 593:
 
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Latest revision as of 16:19, 1 November 2018

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