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<div class="righttitle"> | <div class="righttitle"> | ||
− | <h6 class="subtitle"> | + | <h6 class="subtitle">From Bench To Business</h6> |
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="navbar-example"> | <div class="navbar-example"> | ||
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<p class="pcontent">The two questions above were the main concern of CSC. Basically, the best condition for engineered <i>E. coli</i> to capture CO<sub>2</sub> have to be lower, without too much SOx and NOx particles. | <p class="pcontent">The two questions above were the main concern of CSC. Basically, the best condition for engineered <i>E. coli</i> to capture CO<sub>2</sub> have to be lower, without too much SOx and NOx particles. | ||
However, we won’t be able to provide an ideal culture condition in industrial application. | However, we won’t be able to provide an ideal culture condition in industrial application. | ||
− | After researching the tolerance of <i>E. coli</i>, we concluded that <i>E. coli</i> is possible to survive in factory condition while the concentration of SOx and NOx were much lower than CO<sub>2</sub>. Besides, we will dilute the concentration with gas that the small fraction of SOx NOx can only effect the expression of<i>E. coli</i>. | + | After researching the tolerance of <i>E. coli</i>, we concluded that <i>E. coli</i> is possible to survive in factory condition while the concentration of SOx and NOx were much lower than CO<sub>2</sub>. Besides, we will dilute the concentration with gas that the small fraction of SOx NOx can only effect the expression of <i>E. coli</i>. |
In other words, it may not capture as much CO<sub>2</sub> as culture in the lab. | In other words, it may not capture as much CO<sub>2</sub> as culture in the lab. | ||
</p> | </p> | ||
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<h5 class="boldh5">Process</h5> | <h5 class="boldh5">Process</h5> | ||
− | <p class="pcontent">We | + | <p class="pcontent">We attended the Biotechnology Green Energy Expo and had a |
business matchmaking with International Technology Research Institute (ITRI). | business matchmaking with International Technology Research Institute (ITRI). | ||
− | The Dr. | + | The Dr. Shen was a manager of Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Application Project |
in Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories of ITRI. | in Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories of ITRI. | ||
He gave a short speech about the condition of CCS in Taiwan. | He gave a short speech about the condition of CCS in Taiwan. | ||
CCS technology is a relevant technology with our <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system. | CCS technology is a relevant technology with our <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system. | ||
− | Therefore, through business matchmaking, we | + | Therefore, through business matchmaking, we introduced our project and all the design |
including what we improve after the customer investigation with CSC. | including what we improve after the customer investigation with CSC. | ||
</p> | </p> | ||
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<h5 class="boldh5">Suggestion and Question</h5> | <h5 class="boldh5">Suggestion and Question</h5> | ||
<p class="pcontent">The currently solution in Taiwan is CCS, however, | <p class="pcontent">The currently solution in Taiwan is CCS, however, | ||
− | the policy and the inhabitant are big | + | the policy and the inhabitant are big challenges of CCS technology. |
ITRI had cooperated with lots of industrial and academic institutes and developed advance | ITRI had cooperated with lots of industrial and academic institutes and developed advance | ||
CCS technology, however, most of them cannot have real implementation. | CCS technology, however, most of them cannot have real implementation. | ||
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That’s the point that ITRI will adopt our project into their lab. | That’s the point that ITRI will adopt our project into their lab. | ||
</p> | </p> | ||
− | <p class="pcontent">Dr. | + | <p class="pcontent">Dr. Shen suggested us to think more about the bioproduct after our |
<i>E. coli</i> uptake CO<sub>2</sub>. We can easily transgene <i>E. coli</i> | <i>E. coli</i> uptake CO<sub>2</sub>. We can easily transgene <i>E. coli</i> | ||
to let <i>E. coli</i> metabolized CO<sub>2</sub> and produce amino acid. | to let <i>E. coli</i> metabolized CO<sub>2</sub> and produce amino acid. | ||
The highest value of bioproduct will be the health food. | The highest value of bioproduct will be the health food. | ||
− | However, we could hardly | + | However, we could hardly make the health food which made from industrial flue gas into the market. There are still many valuable products we can achieve with less limitation when applying to the market, |
− | + | such as electronic material solvent, biocytoculture, agricultural chemicals, etc. | |
− | + | ||
− | such as electronic material solvent, biocytoculture, agricultural | + | |
Besides, the last choice will be biofuel. We should try to reuse our product again and | Besides, the last choice will be biofuel. We should try to reuse our product again and | ||
again to maximize the value before converting it into biofuel. | again to maximize the value before converting it into biofuel. | ||
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<ol> | <ol> | ||
<li class="licontent">Is the bioreactor technology being involved in ITRI?</li> | <li class="licontent">Is the bioreactor technology being involved in ITRI?</li> | ||
− | <p class="pcontent">There is a biotechnology laboratory in ITRI. They work | + | <p class="pcontent">There is a biotechnology laboratory in ITRI. They work on converting microalgae into bio-fuel and dry anaerobic fermentation. Therefore, bioreactor technology was involved in ITRI. |
− | <li class="licontent">After the carbon capture process, how to transfer those captured | + | <li class="licontent">After the carbon capture process, how to transfer those captured CO<sub>2</sub> while being condensed? </li> |
<p class="pcontent">Once CO<sub>2</sub> was captured, we will liquefy it to decrease volume | <p class="pcontent">Once CO<sub>2</sub> was captured, we will liquefy it to decrease volume | ||
and then the vehicles will carry those high density liquefaction CO<sub>2</sub> to storage. | and then the vehicles will carry those high density liquefaction CO<sub>2</sub> to storage. | ||
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</p> | </p> | ||
<p class="pcontent">According to the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act | <p class="pcontent">According to the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act | ||
− | which was passed by Taiwan’s parliament (the Legislative Yuan), 1 | + | which was passed by Taiwan’s parliament (the Legislative Yuan), 1 ton of carbon tax is NTD 100 (35 USD), |
− | which is that industrial | + | which is that industrial work hard to avoid high tax. However, what is the next step? |
</p> | </p> | ||
<li class="licontent">In the downstream process, can we reuse the waste heat produced from the factory for sterilization?</li> | <li class="licontent">In the downstream process, can we reuse the waste heat produced from the factory for sterilization?</li> | ||
<p class="pcontent">That is not a big problem. The temperature of waste heat produces from factory | <p class="pcontent">That is not a big problem. The temperature of waste heat produces from factory | ||
− | is around 100 to 1500 and 150 | + | is around 100 to 1500 and 150 degrees Celsius is suitable for our sterilization. |
So it is kind of a win-win situation because it do not cost extra energy or money for factory. | So it is kind of a win-win situation because it do not cost extra energy or money for factory. | ||
</p> | </p> | ||
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why not convert carbon dioxide into energy? | why not convert carbon dioxide into energy? | ||
</li> | </li> | ||
− | <p class="pcontent">If we convert it to bio-fuel, the cost is NTD 50 (2 | + | <p class="pcontent">If we convert it to bio-fuel, the cost is NTD 50 (2 USD) per litter. |
− | And the price that China Petroleum Corporation (CPC) sells is NTD 30 (1 | + | And the price that China Petroleum Corporation (CPC) sells is NTD 30 (1 USD) per litter. |
− | Although the government will subsidize NTD 20 (1 | + | Although the government will subsidize NTD 20 (1 USD), |
− | it might not be a long term strategy. The industrial must find a way to reduce the cost itself. | + | it might not be a long-term strategy. The industrial must find a way to reduce the cost itself. |
Besides, the edible product is more valuable than energy, | Besides, the edible product is more valuable than energy, | ||
but it also has higher limitation about listing. | but it also has higher limitation about listing. | ||
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<h5 class="boldh5">Process</h5> | <h5 class="boldh5">Process</h5> | ||
<p class="pcontent">In order to obtain more information about CO<sub>2</sub>. | <p class="pcontent">In order to obtain more information about CO<sub>2</sub>. | ||
− | biofixation, we visited microalgae cultivation in An- | + | biofixation, we visited microalgae cultivation in An-nan Campus of National Cheng Kung University |
which is a biofixation project managed by Professor Jo-Shu Chang. | which is a biofixation project managed by Professor Jo-Shu Chang. | ||
The research fellows showed us different scale of microalgae culture system, | The research fellows showed us different scale of microalgae culture system, | ||
− | including open pond and | + | including open pond and photoreactor. We also have a discussion about the position of biofixation |
in CO<sub>2</sub> emission problem. They shared their experience along the way developing | in CO<sub>2</sub> emission problem. They shared their experience along the way developing | ||
the whole microalgae fixation system in ten years. | the whole microalgae fixation system in ten years. | ||
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<h5 class="boldh5">Suggestion and Question</h5> | <h5 class="boldh5">Suggestion and Question</h5> | ||
− | <p class="pcontent">Microalgae cultivation plant and our system both contribute to carbon utilization. The An-nan campus | + | <p class="pcontent">Microalgae cultivation plant and our system both contribute to carbon utilization. The An-nan campus has advanced and well-developed technology. Therefore, the visit was important to us when designing the whole <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system, especially the bioreactor design. Besides, we had a discussion with each other to define the different advantages and disadvantages between different system. For example, the sunlight was a determine factor of microalgae while engineering <i>E. coli</i>. was not sensitive with light intensity. However, microalgae successfully converted CO<sub>2</sub> into valuable bio-products. Therefore, we concluded that different system will have different benefit depending on different demand. |
</p> | </p> | ||
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<p class="pcontent">The flue gas from CSC contained about 6~7% CO<sub>2</sub> which is affordable for microalgae cultivation. Some species of microalgae can even survive under higher SOx and NOx condition. Therefore, the flue gas can be piped into microalgae cultivation demonstration plant directly without pre-adjusted. | <p class="pcontent">The flue gas from CSC contained about 6~7% CO<sub>2</sub> which is affordable for microalgae cultivation. Some species of microalgae can even survive under higher SOx and NOx condition. Therefore, the flue gas can be piped into microalgae cultivation demonstration plant directly without pre-adjusted. | ||
<li class="licontent">How does microalgae culture control gas flow, temperature and pH?</li> | <li class="licontent">How does microalgae culture control gas flow, temperature and pH?</li> | ||
− | <p class="pcontent">With PE material, the air pipeline is plugged into the bottom of the culture pool. The pumped air can also help them | + | <p class="pcontent">With PE material, the air pipeline is plugged into the bottom of the culture pool. The pumped air can also help them stirr. Aspirator connected to a pore on the top to exhaust the net air. Since that the culture pool is implemented under the shade roof, temperature controller isn’t required. Besides, pH condition must be maintained around 7 while pre-culture. |
</p> | </p> | ||
<li class="licontent">Before culture the new species of microalgae, how to clean the pool completely? </li> | <li class="licontent">Before culture the new species of microalgae, how to clean the pool completely? </li> | ||
− | <p class="pcontent">First, exhaust the medium from the bottom and then jet the water to remove the microalgae attachment. Then, add some | + | <p class="pcontent">First, exhaust the medium from the bottom and then jet the water to remove the microalgae attachment. Then, add some bleach to kill the rest of microalgae in the pool. </p> |
− | <p class="pcontent">Secondly, microalgae in the effluent medium will be separated by centrifugation. The separated microalgae will be storage through lyophilization. The microalgae attachment problem in the pipeline can be | + | <p class="pcontent">Secondly, microalgae in the effluent medium will be separated by centrifugation. The separated microalgae will be storage through lyophilization. The microalgae attachment problem in the pipeline can be cleaned through jetting water and bleached as well. |
</p> | </p> | ||
<li class="licontent">What is the value of byproduct?</li> | <li class="licontent">What is the value of byproduct?</li> | ||
− | <p class="pcontent">The separated microalgae can be used to reed shrimp since that the microalgae is one of the important nutrient | + | <p class="pcontent">The separated microalgae can be used to reed shrimp since that the microalgae is one of the important nutrient sources for shrimp. Through the shrimp farming, it can also extract Lutein which has high commercial value in the market. |
</p> | </p> | ||
<li class="licontent">How to select the specie of microalgae?</li> | <li class="licontent">How to select the specie of microalgae?</li> | ||
− | <p class="pcontent">Before | + | <p class="pcontent">Before culturing microalgae in the open pond, we will pre-culture in the lab and test it under different conditions. Through many experiments, we can select the final species of microalgae which has the best growth condition, like heat-resisting. |
</p> | </p> | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<p class="pcenter">Fig 5. Picture of KME interview</p> | <p class="pcenter">Fig 5. Picture of KME interview</p> | ||
− | <p class="pcontent">Sewage problem is a critical issue for every | + | <p class="pcontent">Sewage problem is a critical issue for every kind of bioreactor and ferment, especially for bioreactor containing genetic modified organism, which must absolutely prevent the organism leaking out and polluting the environment. After designing a bioreactor, we were eager to build up a sewage treatment system. |
</p> | </p> | ||
<h5 class="boldh5">Process</h5> | <h5 class="boldh5">Process</h5> | ||
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which is specialized in producing the Membrane Bio-reactor system. | which is specialized in producing the Membrane Bio-reactor system. | ||
Different from traditional Sequencing Batch Reactor Activated Sludge Process, | Different from traditional Sequencing Batch Reactor Activated Sludge Process, | ||
− | the system | + | the system they use hollow filter membrane that can filter most of bacteria. |
</p> | </p> | ||
<h5 class="boldh5">Feedback</h5> | <h5 class="boldh5">Feedback</h5> | ||
<p class="pcontent">This technique minimized the area required for sewage treatment, | <p class="pcontent">This technique minimized the area required for sewage treatment, | ||
allowed us to concentrate the medium before extracting bioproducts, | allowed us to concentrate the medium before extracting bioproducts, | ||
− | and recycled the water after filtering. After | + | and recycled the water after filtering. After discussing with Dr. Kao, the manager of the company, |
we improved our device with the MBR system. | we improved our device with the MBR system. | ||
This improvement made us one step closer to a company and eco-friendly bioreactor system. | This improvement made us one step closer to a company and eco-friendly bioreactor system. | ||
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effectiveness of our ideas to work with our industry and even national research. | effectiveness of our ideas to work with our industry and even national research. | ||
First, we ask questions about this, and beyond the solution, | First, we ask questions about this, and beyond the solution, | ||
− | we also explain why we chose this question. Second, we | + | we also explain why we chose this question. Second, we analyze future developments, |
including the advantages of using this approach. | including the advantages of using this approach. | ||
− | + | Furthermore, we introduce our plan to many relevant departments and discuss with the national research. | |
− | + | We hope that this plan can be used to promote this plan in the future. | |
</p> | </p> | ||
<h5 class="boldh5">Target issue</h5> | <h5 class="boldh5">Target issue</h5> | ||
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The trend of environmental degradation is gradually increasing. | The trend of environmental degradation is gradually increasing. | ||
Scientist and national worldwide contribute to capture those excessive CO<sub>2</sub>. | Scientist and national worldwide contribute to capture those excessive CO<sub>2</sub>. | ||
− | However, how to reduce carbon and use it | + | However, how to reduce carbon and use it have become a major problem today. |
Challenges against carbon process are complicate. Except the technique and implement problem, | Challenges against carbon process are complicate. Except the technique and implement problem, | ||
− | social acceptability and policy are | + | social acceptability and policy are aother key factors about carbon process technology. |
</p> | </p> | ||
<p class="pcontent">In general, planting is a method of carbon process, | <p class="pcontent">In general, planting is a method of carbon process, | ||
− | and | + | and green algae is currently being one of carbon utilization. |
This year, we hope to combine synthetic biology with the most advanced technologies. | This year, we hope to combine synthetic biology with the most advanced technologies. | ||
We want to draw people's attention to the environment and reuse these environmentally | We want to draw people's attention to the environment and reuse these environmentally | ||
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<p class="pcontent">The cost evaluation is always crucial for product being on the market. | <p class="pcontent">The cost evaluation is always crucial for product being on the market. | ||
To compare our engineered <i>E. coli</i> to microalgae, | To compare our engineered <i>E. coli</i> to microalgae, | ||
− | we calculate how much the cost it would be when capturing | + | we calculate how much the cost it would be when capturing 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub>. |
</p> | </p> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
<h5 class="boldh5">Volume</h5> | <h5 class="boldh5">Volume</h5> | ||
− | <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 1 Volume | + | <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 1 Volume required in utilizing 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub></p> |
<div class="card card-body"> | <div class="card card-body"> | ||
<table> | <table> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<th colspan="1">Organisms</th> | <th colspan="1">Organisms</th> | ||
− | <th colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>- | + | <th colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>-utilization rate (mg/L*hr)</th> |
<th colspan="1">Biomass concentration (gDCW/L)</th> | <th colspan="1">Biomass concentration (gDCW/L)</th> | ||
− | <th colspan="1">Specific CO<sub>2</sub>- | + | <th colspan="1">Specific CO<sub>2</sub>-utilization rate</th> |
− | <th colspan="1">Volume | + | <th colspan="1">Volume requiredd (L)</th> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
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</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <div class="centerimg"> | ||
+ | <img style="width: 70%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/3/31/T--NCKU_Tainan--cost_volume.jpg" alt="volume"> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <p class="pcenter">Fig 6. Different volume required between micralgae and engineered <i>E. coli</i> </p> | ||
+ | <p class="pcontent"> | ||
+ | For capturing 1kg of CO<sub>2</sub> in one hour, 51000 L is required with engineered <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization. It seems that the difference volume required for utilizing same amount of CO<sub>2</sub> is disadvantage of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system. At this situation, we have to look into the design of the different bioreactor. For microalgae culture, it requires a large surface area to increase light intensity. As usual, the height of the microalgae culture pond cannot exceed 0.5 m. In other words, we have to build a 7 m diameter culture pond with the volume of 19000L. In constrast, engineered <i>E. coli</i> is not limited by light. The bioreactor of <i>E. coli</i> can be built with any height in the indoor or outdoor. To scale up the bioreactor, a 5.8 m diameted with 1.9 m height equals to 51000 L which has lower floor area required. | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | <p class="pcontent">As a result,the bioreactor of engineered <i>E. coli</i> can save more than 30% floor area compared with micoralgae culture pond. Take the floor area of Taiwan as an example, we can build 94 billions of microalgae culture pond to uilize 10% of annual emission with 12 operation hours. However, 1 over 3 of floor area will be save if we replace them with <i>E. coli</i> bioreactor. <i>E. coli</i> bioreactor is more flexible on spacing using, and is less sensitive to weather effect. | ||
+ | </p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <br> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<h5 class="boldh5">Cost</h5> | <h5 class="boldh5">Cost</h5> | ||
<p class="pcontent"> | <p class="pcontent"> | ||
The most expensive source in the medium of our engineered <i>E. coli</i> is xylose. | The most expensive source in the medium of our engineered <i>E. coli</i> is xylose. | ||
− | 1 mole xylose will capture 0.17 mole CO<sub>2</sub>, | + | 1 mole of xylose will capture 0.17 mole of CO<sub>2</sub>. |
− | + | Therefore, we need 20.0535 kg of xylose while 1 kg of xylose costs 2 USD. | |
− | The total cost for our engineered <i>E. coli</i> | + | The total cost for our engineered <i>E. coli</i> requires 40.107 USD for capture 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub>. |
− | In contrast, microalgae | + | In contrast, microalgae needs 1000 liter to capture 250 g of CO<sub>2</sub>, |
− | so it | + | so it needs 4000 liter (about 4 tons) water while 1 ton costs 9.78 USD. |
− | The total cost for microalgae is | + | The total cost for microalgae is 39.13 USD. |
</p> | </p> | ||
− | <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 2 Cost | + | <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 2 Cost requireD in capturing 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub> </p> |
<div class="card card-body"> | <div class="card card-body"> | ||
<table> | <table> | ||
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<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub> utilizing rate</td> | <td colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub> utilizing rate</td> | ||
− | <td colspan="1"> | + | <td colspan="1">250 g/m<sup>3</sup>/day</td> |
<td colspan="1">19.6 mg/g (DRY cell weight)</td> | <td colspan="1">19.6 mg/g (DRY cell weight)</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
− | <td colspan="1">source required for | + | <td colspan="1">source required for 1 kg CO<sub>2</sub> utilization</td> |
<td colspan="1">4 tons of water</td> | <td colspan="1">4 tons of water</td> | ||
− | <td colspan="1">20. | + | <td colspan="1">20.0535 kg xylose</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td colspan="1">Cost</td> | <td colspan="1">Cost</td> | ||
− | <td colspan="1">39. | + | <td colspan="1">39.13 USD</td> |
− | <td colspan="1">40. | + | <td colspan="1">40.107 USD</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
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</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
− | <p class="pcontent">We take two major industrial in Taiwan for example, which are China Steel Corporation (CSC) and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). We had research on annual emission and | + | <p class="pcontent">We take two major industrial in Taiwan for example, which are China Steel Corporation (CSC) and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). We had done some research on annual emission and calculated with our CO<sub>2</sub> utilization efficiency. We also set the average carbon emission of small and medium enterprise (SME) as a standard goal which was easier to reach. Therefore, we can model the scale of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system working for 1 % CO<sub>2</sub> emission of different enterprise. |
</p> | </p> | ||
− | <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 3 Cost of dealing with 1% amount of industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emission </p> | + | <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 3 Cost of dealing with 1 % amount of industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emission </p> |
<div class="card card-body"> | <div class="card card-body"> | ||
<table> | <table> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
<th colspan="1">Industrial</th> | <th colspan="1">Industrial</th> | ||
− | <th colspan="1">1% of | + | <th colspan="1">Annual emission</th> |
+ | <th colspan="1">1 % of CO<sub>2</sub> emission per hour</th> | ||
<th colspan="1">Number of required device</th> | <th colspan="1">Number of required device</th> | ||
<th colspan="1">Area required</th> | <th colspan="1">Area required</th> | ||
− | <th colspan="1">Operation cost</th> | + | <th colspan="1">Operation cost (USD)</th> |
− | + | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
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<td colspan="1">4555</td> | <td colspan="1">4555</td> | ||
<td colspan="1">11.3875 hectare</td> | <td colspan="1">11.3875 hectare</td> | ||
− | <td colspan="1">150.4 thousands | + | <td colspan="1">150.4 thousands </td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
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<td colspan="1">537</td> | <td colspan="1">537</td> | ||
<td colspan="1">1.34 hectare</td> | <td colspan="1">1.34 hectare</td> | ||
− | <td colspan="1">17.3 thousands | + | <td colspan="1">17.3 thousands </td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
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<td colspan="1">29</td> | <td colspan="1">29</td> | ||
<td colspan="1">0.0713 hectare</td> | <td colspan="1">0.0713 hectare</td> | ||
− | <td colspan="1">1 thousands | + | <td colspan="1">1 thousands </td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
</table> | </table> | ||
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CO<sub>2</sub> utilization efficiency. Therefore, | CO<sub>2</sub> utilization efficiency. Therefore, | ||
we can model the scale of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system working | we can model the scale of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system working | ||
− | for 1 % CO<sub>2</sub> emission. | + | for 1 % of industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emission. |
</p> | </p> | ||
− | + | <br> | |
<h5 class="boldh5">Energy consumption</h5> | <h5 class="boldh5">Energy consumption</h5> | ||
<p class="pcontent">Our bioreactor applies in the industry, | <p class="pcontent">Our bioreactor applies in the industry, | ||
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</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
− | <td colspan="1">kWh | + | <td colspan="1">kWh</td> |
<td colspan="1">1058.4</td> | <td colspan="1">1058.4</td> | ||
<td colspan="1">72</td> | <td colspan="1">72</td> | ||
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STORAGE, Global CCS Institute, Senior Adviser Policy & Economics, Asia-Pacific Region </li> | STORAGE, Global CCS Institute, Senior Adviser Policy & Economics, Asia-Pacific Region </li> | ||
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Latest revision as of 13:51, 3 November 2018