Product Design

Fig.1 Flow chart of E. coli carbon utilization system

1. Overview

In this project, we, the NCKU Tainan Team, have proposed an alternative way to reduce the emission of Carbon dioxide (CO₂). Referring to the opinions and feedbacks from many industry experts and professors, we design a new factory flow to capture CO₂ by E. coli Not only our device meets the specs to commercialize, but it also demonstrates high cost performance.

The emission of CO₂ has been a serious problem for a century that causes global warming and severe climate change. Even though many ways have been tried to reduce it, the generation of CO₂ primarily from industry is still overwhelming. Therefore, scientists and governments have been working hard to find solutions to tackle the problem.

2. Enterprise interview

We complete the whole product design and propose to several industrial. Through the interview the feedback form the industrial, we were able to stand in the site of customer and then improve our product. We found out what we were weak in the design and then figured out the solutions with the enterprise support.

Out major potential client china steel coporation, which has a large amount of CO₂ emission every year.

The national science research and development institute in Taiwan Industrial Technology Research Institute, which has the advance technology solving excess CO₂ emission problem.

An industry-university cooperative research projectBiofixation　of　flue gas　CO₂ with microalgae , which is a relative project to us in Bio-method dealing CO₂ problem.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

We collaborate with

China Steel corporation



Fig.7 Picture of CSC interview

Meeting with experts and stakeholders is important in shaping our project to fulfill the needs of our target user. China Steel Corporation is the largest integrated steel Manufacturer in Taiwan. Also, they had been adopting the algal bio-sequestration by cooperating with the research group at our university. Click here to know more in Entrepreneurship：Process, Suggestion and question and Interview record.

Process

We were given the opportunity to meet with the senior executive of China Steel Corporation to gain invaluable insight for our research. The meeting commenced with our presentation. During the presentation, we introduced our project, including the bioreactor design and the industrial model. By listing out all the aspects we had considered, we would like to obtain advice on the practical and social considerations involved in the application of our project in industry.

Suggestion and Question

Will the high concentration of CO₂ retard growth of engineered bacteria?

Microalgae is reported resistant to SOx and NOx. Does E. coli survive under such conditions?

The best condition for engineered E. coli to capture CO₂ is a lower CO₂ concentration without too much SOx and NOx particles. However, we won’t be able to provide an ideal culture condition in Industrial application. After testing the tolerance of E. coli, we conclude that E. coli is possible to survive under that kind of condition in factory and the only effects its expression. It may not capture as much CO₂ as culture in the lab.

It is important to define a specific commercial product that can be truly produced since your user may consider its economic viability. They stated that a product that can be widely used is better. At the same time, we should consider current GMO legislation if we want to commercialize those products. The actual condition is not as ideal as in the laboratory, we should optimize the condition to maximize the carbon fixation ability of the microbes.

Interview record

The record can be separated into two parts. One is about their feedback after interview, another one is our customer investigate questions. We use CSC represent China Steel.

Click to see complete interview

Part1. Interview record

Date：September. 15, 9 am.

Location：China Steel meeting room




CSC： What is the adaptability of E. coli for the corporate? Do you have any doubt about the actual application?

It can be explained from the following points:

1. Concentration:

Bacteria can tolerate the increase of CO₂ concentration. However, there is limit in the input, and our team is targeting this system.

A shunt is designed to slow down the rate of input to enter the bacteria rapidly.

2. Temperature:

In this system, 42 degrees Celsius is our limit, and we need to overcome by technology in the high temperature.

The problem is that our team will lower the temperature through other devices.

3. Waste:

Our team solves the problem of waste by recycling and filtering out.

CSC ：From the perspective of the company, how much additional benefit can it bring to the output value of the products in their downstream of system?

At present, the product of downstream in our system is glutamine, why we choose is because glutamine is accessible and easy to operate for us. Its additional benefit refers to the different application. Take the market value of glutamine as example, the additional benefit can reach 10 times larger of the E. coli culture cost, ignoring the fixed cost of the whole system.

Besides, E. coli was regarded as high potential species to produce all kinds of protein. Including essential amino acid that cannot be synthesized by organism, or forage for stock farmer. Therefore, our system has high potential output value to bring great additional benefit.

CSC：China Steel is the second largest carbon consumer in our country. It needs two-thirds of Taiwan's area to balance one-tenth of the current emissions. In practice, it is still too far away. Is it possible to match the materials with 3D layout?

We want to save the space and culture in high density concentration:

1. Reduce the volume of culture material
2. Stacking the bioreactors

CSC： How to deal with the waste of this system? Is there a problem with super Cryptococcus neoformans?

The protein needs to be separated before produced. At the same time,this process will produce the bio-waste. The special process is high temperature and high pressure. It can be used in the factory's original waste system under the high temperature and high pressure environment.

We use the general strains, and there is no possibility of mutations. In addition, with the monitoring of environmental, the probability of mutation is greatly reduced to reach biosafety.

CSC position description：

Algae is one of the implementation of the CCS plan, and they always want to build a multi-system. Each system has its advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, what we proposed was a one more choice for them and they were glad to hear that E. coli and contribute to CCS&U (Carbon Capture Storage and Utilization).

Part2. Customer demand investigation

1. The research and development of new technologies, which level will be considered to mature and worthy investing specifically?

There are three conditions:

1) Feasibility of laboratory technology: It’s ok with technical confirmation.

2) Feasibility of engineering: It’s feasible under engineering equipment construction, application of space and on-site environmental conditions.

3) Feasibility of economic: total cost (input, output) must be positive benefits.

2. There is a problem of limited space in Taiwan, how much space did we need to reduce at least in the enterprise?

This proposition should be how much CO₂ the technology can absorb per unit area. Based on this basis, Industrial will evaluate the existing space of the factory, consider how much CO₂ can be absorbed, investment cost of equipment, the amount of CO₂ that can be reduced, and calculate the input and output to evaluate whether there is positive benefit.

3. We will consider the secondary cost of waste disposal, just like the application of your company unit in basic-oxygen-furnace slag, will you consider the cost of waste recycling be beneficial? Or is there a problem caused by China Steel and secondary pollution?

This part cannot be provided due to operational confidentiality. It is recommended that this proposition should be turned into be directly used as a marketable product. The cost of the resource should be assessed by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a whole.

4. Since our project is facing the problem about the higher cost of culture medium, we would like to ask you about the benefit of carbon fixation and cost of carbon fixation method.

The cost of carbon fixation depends on the carbon capture and storage methods used. For example, the calcium circuit developed by the Industrial Research Institute is used to capture carbon. The recent cost of carbon capture is intended to be reduced to US$30 per ton, and US$10 per ton of geological storage is required. Competition between carbon capture methods can be assessed by cost and overall utilization of reuse.

5. Regarding the part of industry-university cooperation, I would like to ask why China Steel chose to cooperate with Annan Campus in NCKU for microalgae carbon fixation.

When the former academic research unit strives for the NEP project (National Energy Program), the technology that the audited authority usually requires that project must be adopted by the industry. Therefore, both the academic research center and the industry usually sign the cooperation letter of intent for review. For China Steel, it is willing to support the academic research community to conduct forward-looking technical research with national resources to provide the technical information needed to evaluate feasibility.

6. The medium we need will still consume energy in the process of preparation, and it may cause carbon emissions simultaneously. We wonder how to regard upon overall carbon footprint may be increased from the perspective of enterprise.

If the overall footprint of the carbon fixation process developed may be positive (increased), in general, from the perspective of carbon reduction within the enterprise, there is no possibility of application. If the derived external carbon reduction benefit is greater than the internal carbon loss, it proves to have a positive net benefit to the environment. As long as it meets the feasibility of engineering and economic, the enterprise is willing to adopt it.

7. Research on carbon fixation, what is the driving force for China Steel in addition to economic benefits?

Regulatory requirements, corporate identity and social responsibility.

Part3. Picture Record









International Technology Research Institute



International Technology Research Institute



King Membrane Energy Technology Inc.

Business Model

The business model describes how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value in an economic, social, cultural, or other environment. Therefore, we introduce this business model as the basis for assessing the integrity and effectiveness of our ideas to work with our industry and even national research . First, we ask questions about this, and beyond the solution, we also explain why we chose this question. Second, we analyzed future developments, including the advantages of using this approach. Next , we introduce our plan to many relevant departments and discuss with the national research . I hope that this plan can be used to promote this plan in the future.

Target issue

More and more people are now paying attention to the impact of CO₂. The trend of environmental degradation is gradually increasing. Scientist and national worldwide contribute to capture those excessive CO₂. However, how to reduce carbon and use it has become a major problem today. Challenges against carbon process are complicate. Except the technique and implement problem, social acceptability and policy are other key factors about carbon process technology.

In general, planting is a method of carbon process, and the current use of green algae as a method of carbon utilization. This year, we hope to combine synthetic biology with the most advanced technologies. We want to draw people's attention to the environment and reuse these environmentally stimulating projects.

Business model analysis

Cost Evaluation

The cost evaluation is always crucial for product being on the market. To compare our engineered E. coli to microalgae, we calculate how much the cost it would be when capturing 1000 kilograms CO₂.

Volume

Table 1 Volume require in capturing 1000 kg CO₂

Cost

The most expensive source in the medium of our engineered E. coli is xylose. 1 mole xylose will capture 0.17 mole CO₂, so it would need 20.0535 kilograms xylose and 1 kilogram xylose is cost 2 USD. The total cost for our engineered E. coli is require 40.107 USD for capture 1 kilogram CO₂. In contrast, microalgae need 1000 liter to capture 250 gram CO₂, so it need 4000 liter (about 4 Tons) water and 1 tons is cost 9.78 USD (300NT). The total cost for microalgae is require 39.13 USD.

Table 2 Cost require in capturing 1000 kg CO₂

Reference

1. Fuyu G, Guoxia L, Xiaoyun Z, Jie Z, Zhen C and Yin L. Quantitative analysis of an engineered CO₂-fixing Escherichia coli reveals great potential of heterotrophic CO₂ fixation. Gong et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2015, 8:86.
2. 張嘉修、陳俊延、林志生、楊勝仲、周德珍、郭子禎、顏宏偉、李澤民 (2015), 二氧化碳再利用─微藻養殖, 科學發展　2015 年 6 月│ 510 期
3. Lawrence Irlam (2017), GLOBAL COSTS OF CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE, Global CCS Institute, Senior Adviser Policy & Economics, Asia-Pacific Region
4. Jin Hwan Park, Jae Eun Oh, Kwang Ho Lee, Ji Young Kim, and Sang Yup Lee. Rational Design of Escherichia coli for L‑Isoleucine Production. [ACS Synth Biol.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656230#) 2012
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6. V. N. Kalpana, D. Sathya Prabhu, S. Vinodhini and Devirajeswari V. Biomedical waste and its management. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016
7. Qian Ma, Quanwei Zhang, Qingyang Xu, Chenglin Zhang, Yanjun Li, Xiaoguang Fan, Xixian Xie, Ning Chen. Systems metabolic engineering strategies for the production of amino acids. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2 (2017)
8. Jørgen Barsett Magnus, Daniel Hollwedel, Marco Oldiges, and Ralf Takors. Monitoring and Modeling of the Reaction Dynamics in the Valine/Leucine Synthesis Pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol. Prog. 2006
9. Isao Kusumoto. Industrial Production of L-Glutamine. American Society for Nutritional Sciences, 2001