Product Design

Fig.1 Flow chart of E. coli carbon utilization system

1. Overview

In this project, we, the NCKU Tainan Team, have proposed an alternative way to reduce the emission of Carbon dioxide (CO₂). Referring to the opinions and feedbacks from many industry experts and professors, we design a new factory flow to capture CO₂ by E. coli Not only our device meets the specs to commercialize, but it also demonstrates high cost performance.

The emission of CO₂ has been a serious problem for a century that causes global warming and severe climate change. Even though many ways have been tried to reduce it, the generation of CO₂ primarily from industry is still overwhelming. Therefore, scientists and governments have been working hard to find solutions to tackle the problem.

2. Control System


Fig. 2 Overview of the control system

There are many aspects we need to consider. First, we calculate the emission velocity of CO₂ from the factory, as well as the medium exchange rate and the growth rate of our E. coli.

Fig. 1 is a process of whole E. coli carbon utilization that we design for industrial application. We simplify it into three parts which shows in Fig. 2 to explain more clearly. Three switches control three parts, named A, B and C. Basically, the factory replaces the medium twice a day. At one hour before replacing the medium, the user needs to turn on switch C to discharge ninety percent of the medium. When it is time to replace the medium, switch C will be turned off and switch B will be turned on to refill medium. When sufficient medium is added, switch B will be turned off and switch A will be turned on to let CO₂ in. Just like the animation showed on Fig. 1.

Considering the cost, the growth time of our E. coli and the floor area, we optimized replace time of the medium, replace it every twelve hours and with 72 parallel bioreactors. Next, we are going to have more detail description on three parts, which are Gas preparation system and flow system, Medium preparation, and Downstream products purification and biosafety.

A. Gas preparation system and flow system



Fig. 3 Diagram of gas preparation system and flow system

According to IGCC (Integrate Gasification Combined Cycle) flow diagram, the fuel is first converted to syngas which is a mixture of H₂ and CO. The syngas is then burned in a combined cycle consisting of a gas turbine and a steam turbine with a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). After CO₂ / H₂ separation, IGCC can reach the demand of CO₂ purity including low SOx and NOx emission fraction of allowable limits of bacteria. Finally, the produced flue gas could enter the pipeline leading to the bioreactor.

In E. coli utilization system, the air is pumped in to neutralize the concentration of CO₂. A controlled valve is used to control flow rate and split distribution. When the switch a is turned on, the switch b will be turned off, and vice versa. As for the CO₂ inlet and outlet, it will maintain an open system of bioreactor. In other words, CO₂ will enter continuously and cause some non-reacted CO₂ emitted.



Fig. 4 IGCC process flow diagram. Source: Vattenfall. (2010) Syngas has been treated by sulfur and nitrogen removal, as well as heavy metal removal and cooling tank. Through IGCC process, purified CO₂ in flue gas is allowable for E. coli CO₂ utilizing.

B. Medium preparation



Fig. 5 Diagram of medium preparation

At this stage, we have two sections to consider, medium storage and medium preparation before replacing time.

The medium is composed of M9 salt and xylose. For storage, we will convert it into powder with the required proportion. At one hour before replacing time, pour the powder into the medium tank and turn on the water injection switch. Turn on the stirrer of medium tank to have medium powder and water perfect mixing. The outlet of bioreactor (switch c) will be turned on at the same time, letting ninety percent of the medium in the bioreactor flow out . When the medium have prepared well, turn on the switch a and switch b for replacing medium in bioreactor, while the switch c will be turned off.

We also consider the process of raw materials, especially xylose, which is the key source of our pathway. Since xylose is one of the products of agricultural waste degradation, we visited the 2018 Tainan Biotechnology and Green Energy Expo to consulted with researchers from National Energy Program-Phase II, whose projects was biofuel and biodegradable plastic production via agricultural waste. They had developed technique that degrade cellulose and semi-cellulose by ion solution.

Besides, we have opportunity to collaborate with UESTC-Chian team . They work for degrading straw with synthetic biology and convert the product into bio-fuel. One of the product from straw degradation is xylose. These techniques are eco-friendly and low-energy-require. Therefore, the process development of xylose production will be a low-carbon-emission process.

C. Downstream products purification and biosafety



Fig. 6 Diagram of downstream process

We will discharge 90% of the used medium in the bioreactor one hour before new medium flows in. Which means that we let 10% of the culture remain in the bioreactor as seed culture. The effluent medium will be sterilized and filtered in the downstream clean-up tank. At this step, we harvest the bacteria and extracting the by-product such as amino acids, proteins, medicine or bio-fuel. Different extracting process designed depends on different by-product.

Besides, we try to reuse the waste heat of factories for sterilizing. The waste water can be recycled as well through removing toxins and adjusting pH value the effluent could return to the medium tank. As for energy require for this system, renewable energy helps us to reach near -zero carbon emission process.

Furthermore, we would like to set up membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, which use a hollow filter membrane that is able to filter most of bacteria in the sewage sludge. We use the system to concentrate the used medium before extracting by-product. And the water went through the system is able to recycle back to the medium tank.



Fig.7 Picture of waste water recycle system



Fig.8 Picture of MBR from KME technology Inc.

Application : China Steel

Fig.9 Picture of CSC interview

Meeting with experts and stakeholders is important in shaping our project to fulfill the needs of our target user. China Steel Corporation is the largest integrated steel Manufacturer in Taiwan. Also, they had been adopting the algal bio-sequestration by cooperating with the research group at our university. Click here to know more in Entrepreneurship：Process, Suggestion and question and Interview record.

Process

We were given the opportunity to meet with the senior executive of China Steel Corporation to gain invaluable insight for our research. The meeting commenced with our presentation. During the presentation, we introduced our project, including the bioreactor design and the industrial model. By listing out all the aspects we had considered, we would like to obtain advice on the practical and social considerations involved in the application of our project in industry.

Suggestion and Question

Will the high concentration of CO₂ retard growth of engineered bacteria?

Microalgae is reported resistant to SOx and NOx. Does E. coli survive under such conditions?

The best condition for engineered E. coli to capture CO₂ is a lower CO₂ concentration without too much SOx and NOx particles. However, we won’t be able to provide an ideal culture condition in Industrial application. After testing the tolerance of E. coli, we conclude that E. coli is possible to survive under that kind of condition in factory and the only effects its expression. It may not capture as much CO₂ as culture in the lab.

It is important to define a specific commercial product that can be truly produced since your user may consider its economic viability. They stated that a product that can be widely used is better. At the same time, we should consider current GMO legislation if we want to commercialize those products. The actual condition is not as ideal as in the laboratory, we should optimize the condition to maximize the carbon fixation ability of the microbes.

Interview record

The record can be separated into two parts. One is about their feedback after interview, another one is our customer investigate questions. We use CSC represent China Steel.

Click to see complete interview

Business Model

The business model describes how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value in an economic, social, cultural, or other environment. Therefore, we introduce this business model as the basis for assessing the integrity and effectiveness of our ideas to work with our industry and even national research. First, we ask questions about this, and beyond the solution, we also explain why we chose this question. Second, we analyzed future developments, including the advantages of using this approach. Next, we introduce our plan to many relevant departments and discuss with the national research. I hope that this plan can be used to promote this plan in the future.

Target issue

More and more people are now paying attention to the impact of CO₂. The trend of environmental degradation is gradually increasing. Scientist and national worldwide contribute to capture those excessive CO₂. However, how to reduce carbon and use it has become a major problem today. Challenges against carbon process are complicate. Except the technique and implement problem, social acceptability and policy are other key factors about carbon process technology.

In general, planting is a method of carbon process, and the current use of green algae as a method of carbon utilization. This year, we hope to combine synthetic biology with the most advanced technologies. We want to draw people's attention to the environment and reuse these environmentally stimulating projects.

Business model analysis

Cost Evaluation

The cost evaluation is always crucial for product being on the market. To compare our engineered E. coli to microalgae, we calculate how much the cost it would be when capturing 1000 kilograms CO₂.

Volume

Table 1 Volume require in capturing 1000 kg CO₂

Cost

The most expensive source in the medium of our engineered E. coli is xylose. 1 mole xylose will capture 0.17 mole CO₂, so it would need 20.0535 kilograms xylose and 1000 kilograms xylose is cost 2 USD. The total cost for our engineered E. coli is require 40.107 USD for capture 1 ton CO₂. In contrast, microalgae need 1000 liters to capture 250 gram CO₂, so it need 4000 liter (about 4 Tons) water and 1 tons is cost 9.78 USD (300NT). The total cost for microalgae is require 39.13 USD.

Table 2 Cost require in capturing 1000 kg CO₂

We take two major industrial in Taiwan for example, which are China Steel Corporation (CSC) and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). We had research on annual emission and calculate with our CO₂ utilization efficiency. We also set the average carbon emission of small and medium enterprise (SME) as a standard goal which was easier to reach. Therefore, we can model the scale of E. coli carbon utilization system working for 1 % CO₂ emission.

Table 3 Cost of dealing with 1% amount of industrial CO₂ emission

According to our research of mircoalgae culture in An-nan campus, we list the data of its cost and CO₂ utilization rate to help us optimize our project. As a result, we conclude that Engineered E. coli has a strong competitive advantage with proper cost to apply it.

Energy consumption

Our bioreactor applies in the industry, including the magnetic stirrer, pump and controller. It will cost 3313 USD every month if the price of industrial electricity is 0.063 USD per kWh.

Table 4 Energy consumption of different items of device

Future Work

For industrial application design, we focus on manufacturing valuable products using pyruvate and the linkage between our engineered E. coli between factory. We have designed a device containing our recombinant E. coli, constructed a system which links with factory. However, we still look forward to more modifications of our biological pathway and system.

The most important intermediate product, pyruvate, is also possible to be converted to other compounds by E. coli native enzymes or constructed enzymes which is clone into E. coli from other organism. For future work of pyruvate, we expect that it is predicable to produce amino acid, fatty acid, biofuel and even biodegradable plastic. Pyruvate is crucial for central metabolism pathway, the TCA cycle, of most organism and has the potential to become vary biochemistry compounds.

We set our first future goal at producing glutamine, an essential amino acid for human and some animals. We can simply purify it as a nutrient supply. Not only for medical and daily usage for people, but also for animal husbandry. Furthermore, glutamine can easily convert to other amino acid, and potentially produce other proteins.

Fig. 8 Diagram of pyruvate in central carbon metabolism

Furthermore, researchers have successfully constructed pathways produced cellulose and Poly 3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate through the TCA cycle. We are confident of manufacturing more valuable and diverse products from pyruvate.

WAs for the device we designed, we expect that it is possible to modify our device for power generator and other industry. Our device can utilize CO₂ and convert it into various valuable products. With our system, companies can not only reduce CO₂ emission but also make profits.

References

1. Fuyu G, Guoxia L, Xiaoyun Z, Jie Z, Zhen C and Yin L. Quantitative analysis of an engineered CO₂-fixing Escherichia coli reveals great potential of heterotrophic CO₂ fixation. Gong et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2015, 8:86.
2. 張嘉修、陳俊延、林志生、楊勝仲、周德珍、郭子禎、顏宏偉、李澤民 (2015), 二氧化碳再利用─微藻養殖, 科學發展　2015 年 6 月│ 510 期
3. L. Irlam, GLOBAL COSTS OF CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE, Global CCS Institute, Senior Adviser Policy & Economics, Asia-Pacific Region
4. J. H. Park, J. E. Oh, K. H. Lee, J. Y. Kim, S. Y. Lee. Rational Design of Escherichia coli for L‑Isoleucine Production. [ACS Synth Biol.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656230#) 2012
5. M. KUNDAK, L. LAZI], J. RNKO. CO₂ EMISSIONS IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY. METALURGIJA 48, 2009
6. V. N. Kalpana, D. S. Prabhu, S. Vinodhini, Devirajeswari V. Biomedical waste and its management. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016
7. Q. Ma, Q. Zhang, Q. Xu, C. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Fan, X. Xie, N. Chen. Systems metabolic engineering strategies for the production of amino acids. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2 (2017)
8. J. B. Magnus, D. Hollwedel, M. Oldiges, R. Takors. Monitoring and Modeling of the Reaction Dynamics in the Valine/Leucine Synthesis Pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol. Prog. 2006
9. I. Kusumoto. Industrial Production of L-Glutamine. American Society for Nutritional Sciences, 2001
10. Q. Chen, Q. Wang, G. Wei, Q. Liang, Q. Qi. Production inEscherichia coli of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) with Differing Monomer Compositions from Unrelated Carbon Sources. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 2011