Difference between revisions of "Team:NCKU Tainan/Applied Design"

 
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        <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://2018.igem.org/Template:NCKU_Tainan/css/applied_design?action=raw&ctype=text/css">
 
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    <body data-spy="scroll" data-target=".navbar-example">
 
        <div class="container content">
 
            <div class="headstyle">
 
                <h1 class="head">Product Design</h1>
 
            </div>
 
            <div class="righttitle">
 
                <h6 class="subtitle">Ideas Come True</h6>
 
            </div>
 
            <div class="navbar-example">
 
                <div class="row">
 
                    <div class="col-2 side">     
 
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                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Product_Design">Product Design</a>
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Application">Application</a>
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Business_Model">Business Model</a>
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Cost_Evaluation">Cost Evaluation</a>
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Future_Work">Future Work</a>
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Reference">References</a>
 
                            <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up fa-1x" aria-hidden="true"></i></a>
 
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                        <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#sidelist" data-offset="0" class="scrollspy-example">
 
                            <div class="container">
 
                                <div id="Product_Design">
 
                                    <h3>Product Design</h3>
 
                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/2/26/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_product.gif" alt="product design">
 
                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 1. Flow chart of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system </p>                                   
 
                                      <ol>
 
                                        <li class="licontent">Overview</li>
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">In this project, we, the NCKU Tainan Team, have proposed an alternative way to reduce the emission of Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). Referring to the opinions and feedbacks from many industry experts and professors, we design a new factory flow to capture CO<sub>2</sub> by <i>E. coli</i> Not only our device meets the specs to commercialize, but it also demonstrates high cost performance.
 
                                        </p>
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">The emission of CO<sub>2</sub> has been a serious problem for a century that causes global warming and severe climate change. Even though many ways have been tried to reduce it, the generation of CO<sub>2</sub> primarily from industry is still overwhelming. Therefore, scientists and governments have been working hard to find solutions to tackle the problem.
 
                                        </p>
 
                                        <li class="licontent">Control System</li>
 
                                        <div class="centerimg">
 
                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/6/68/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_overview.png" alt="overview">
 
                                        </div>
 
                                        <p class="pcenter">Fig 2. Overview of the control system </p>                                 
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">There are many aspects we need to consider. First, we calculate the emission velocity of CO<sub>2</sub> from the factory, as well as the medium exchange rate and the growth rate of <i>E. coli</i>.  </p>
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">
 
Fig 1. is a process of whole <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization that we design for industrial application. We simplify it into three parts which shows in Fig 2. to explain more clearly. Three switches control three parts, named A, B and C. Basically, the factory replaces the medium twice a day. At one hour before replacing the medium, the user needs to turn on switch C to discharge ninety percent of the medium. When it is time to replace the medium, switch C will be turned off and switch B will be turned on to refill medium. When sufficient medium is added, switch B will be turned off and switch A will be turned on to let CO<sub>2</sub> in. Just like the animation showed on Fig 1..
 
                                        </p>
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">Considering the cost, the growth time of our <i>E. coli</i> and the floor area, we optimized replace time of the medium, replace it every twelve hours and with 72 parallel bioreactors.
 
Next, we are going to have more detail description on three parts, which are <a class="link" href="#gas_and_flow_system">Gas preparation system and flow system</a>,
 
                                            <a class="link" href="#medium_preparation">Medium preparation</a>,
 
                                            and <a class="link" href="#downstream">Downstream products purification and biosafety</a>.
 
                                        </p>
 
                                     
 
                                        <h5 class="boldh5" id="gas_and_flow_system">A. Gas preparation system and flow system</h5>
 
                                        <div class="centerimg">
 
                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/46/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_gasflow.png" alt="gasflow">
 
                                        </div>
 
                                        <p class="pcenter">Fig 3. Diagram of gas preparation system and flow system </p>
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">According to IGCC (Integrate Gasification Combined Cycle) flow diagram, the fuel is first converted to syngas which is a mixture of H<sub>2</sub> and CO. The syngas is then burned in a combined cycle consisting of a gas turbine and a steam turbine with a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). After CO<sub>2</sub> / H<sub>2</sub> separation, IGCC can reach the demand of CO<sub>2</sub> purity including low SOx and NOx emission fraction of allowable limits of bacteria. Finally, the produced flue gas could enter the pipeline leading to the bioreactor.  </p>
 
                                        <p class="pcontent">
 
In <i>E. coli </i>utilization system, the air is pumped in to neutralize the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub>. A controlled valve is used to control flow rate and split distribution. When the switch a is turned on, the switch b will be turned off, and vice versa. As for the CO<sub>2</sub> inlet and outlet, it will maintain an open system of bioreactor. In other words, CO<sub>2</sub> will enter continuously and cause some non-reacted CO<sub>2</sub> emitted.
 
                                        </p>
 
                                        <div class="centerimg">
 
                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/b/b8/T--NCKU_Tainan--IGCC.png" alt="medium">
 
                                        </div>
 
                                        <p class="pcenter">Fig 4. IGCC process flow diagram. Source: Vattenfall. (2010)
 
<br></br>
 
Syngas has been treated by sulfur and nitrogen removal, as well as heavy metal removal and cooling tank. Through IGCC process, purified CO<sub>2</sub> in flue gas is allowable for <i>E. coli</i> CO<sub>2</sub> utilizing. </p>
 
  
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                                        <h5 class="boldh5" id="medium_preparation">B. Medium preparation</h5>
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                                        <div class="centerimg">
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    <div class="container content">
                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/f4/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_medium.png" alt="medium">
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        <div class="headstyle">
                                        </div>
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            <h1 class="head">Product Design</h1>
                                        <p class="pcenter">Fig 5. Diagram of medium preparation</p>
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        </div>
                                        <p class="pcontent">At this stage, we have two sections to consider, medium storage and medium preparation before replacing time.</p> 
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        <div class="righttitle">
                                        <p class="pcontent">
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            <h6 class="subtitle">Ideas Come True</h6>
The medium is composed of M9 salt and xylose. For storage, we will convert it into powder with the required proportion. At one hour before replacing time, pour the powder into the medium tank and turn on the water injection switch. Turn on the stirrer of medium tank to have medium powder and water perfect mixing. The outlet of bioreactor (switch c) will be turned on at the same time, letting ninety percent of the medium in the bioreactor flow out . When the medium have prepared well, turn on the switch a and switch b for replacing medium in bioreactor, while the switch c will be turned off.
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                                        <p class="pcontent">We also consider the process of raw materials, especially xylose, which is the key source of our pathway. Since xylose is one of the products of agricultural waste degradation, we visited the  <a class="link" href="#gas_and_flow_system">2018 Tainan Biotechnology and Green Energy Expo </a> to consulted with researchers from National Energy Program-Phase II, whose projects was biofuel and biodegradable plastic production via agricultural waste.  They had developed technique that degrade cellulose and semi-cellulose by ion solution.
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                <div class="col-2 side">
                                        <p class="pcontent">
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                    <div id="sidelist" class="list-group">
Besides, we have opportunity to collaborate with <a class="link" href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:NCKU_Tainan/Collaborations#UESTC-China">UESTC-Chian team </a>. They work for degrading straw with synthetic biology and convert the product into bio-fuel. One of the product from straw degradation is xylose. These techniques are eco-friendly and low-energy-require. Therefore, the process development of xylose production will be a low-carbon-emission process.      </p>  
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Product_Design">Product Design</a>
                                        <h5 class="boldh5" id="downstream">C. Downstream products purification and biosafety</h5>
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Application">Application</a>
                                        <div class="centerimg">
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Business_Model">Business Model</a>
                                            <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/7/7e/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_downstream.png" alt="downstream">
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Cost_Evaluation">Cost Evaluation</a>
                                        </div>
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Future_Work">Future Work</a>
                                        <p class="pcenter">Fig 6. Diagram of downstream process</p>
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#Reference">References</a>
                                        <p class="pcontent">We will discharge 90% of the used medium in the bioreactor one hour before new medium flows in. Which means that we let 10% of the culture remain in the bioreactor as seed culture. The effluent medium will be sterilized and filtered in the downstream clean-up tank. At this step, we harvest the bacteria and extracting the by-product such as amino acids, proteins, medicine or bio-fuel. Different extracting process designed depends on different by-product.
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                        <a class="list-group-item list-group-item-action" href="#"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up fa-1x"
                                        </p>
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                                aria-hidden="true"></i></a>
                                        <p class="pcontent">Besides, we try to reuse the waste heat of factories for sterilizing. The waste water can be recycled as well through removing toxins and adjusting pH value the effluent could return to the medium tank. As for energy require for this system, renewable energy helps us to reach near -zero carbon emission process.
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                    </div>
                                         </p>
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                </div>
                                        <p class="pcontent">Furthermore, we would like to set up membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, which use a hollow filter membrane that is able to filter most of bacteria in the sewage sludge. We use the system to concentrate the used medium before extracting by-product. And the water went through the system is able to recycle back to the medium tank.  
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                <div class="col-10">
                                        </p>
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                    <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#sidelist" data-offset="0" class="scrollspy-example">
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                        <div class="container">
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                            <div id="Product_Design">
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                                <h3>Product Design</h3>
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                                <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/2/26/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_product.gif"
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                                    alt="product design">
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                                <p class="pcenter">Fig 1. Flow chart of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system </p>
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                                <ol>
 +
                                    <li class="licontent">Overview</li>
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                                    <p class="pcontent">In this project, we, the NCKU Tainan Team, have proposed an
 +
                                        alternative way to reduce the emission of Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>).
 +
                                        Referring to the opinions and feedbacks from many industry experts and
 +
                                        professors, we design a new factory flow to capture CO<sub>2</sub> by <i>E.
 +
                                            coli</i> Not only our device meets the specs to commercialize, but it also
 +
                                         demonstrates high cost performance.
 +
                                    </p>
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                                    <p class="pcontent">The emission of CO<sub>2</sub> has been a serious problem for a
 +
                                        century that causes global warming and severe climate change. Even though many
 +
                                        ways have been tried to reduce it, the generation of CO<sub>2</sub> primarily
 +
                                        from industry is still overwhelming. Therefore, scientists and governments have
 +
                                        been working hard to find solutions to tackle the problem.
 +
                                    </p>
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                                    <li class="licontent">Control System</li>
 
                                     <div class="centerimg">
 
                                     <div class="centerimg">
                                   
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                                        <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/6/68/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_overview.png"
                                      <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/c/c1/T--NCKU_Tainan--Product_MBR.gif" alt="MBR">
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                                            alt="overview">
                                      <p class="pcenter">Fig 7. Picture of waste water recycle system </p>
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                                      <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/1/11/T--NCKU_Tainan--Product_MBRreal.jpg" alt="real MBR">
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                                      <p class="pcenter">Fig 8. Picture of MBR from KME technology Inc.</p>
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                                     </div>
 
                                     </div>
                                 
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                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 2. Overview of the control system </p>
                                  </ol>
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                                    <p class="pcontent">There are many aspects we need to consider. First, we calculate
                                </div>
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                                        the emission velocity of CO<sub>2</sub> from the factory, as well as the medium
                                <div id="Application">
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                                        exchange rate and the growth rate of <i>E. coli</i>. </p>
                                    <h3>Application : China Steel</h3>
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                                     <p class="pcontent">
                                    <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/a/a9/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_chinasteel1.png" alt="china_steel">
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                                        Fig 1. is a process of whole <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization that we design
                                     <p class="pcenter">Fig 9. Picture of CSC interview</p>
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                                        for industrial application. We simplify it into three parts which shows in Fig
                                     <p class="pcontent">Meeting with experts and stakeholders is important in shaping our project to fulfill the needs of our target user.  
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                                        2. to explain more clearly. Three switches control three parts, named A, B and
                                    China Steel Corporation is the largest integrated steel Manufacturer in Taiwan. Also, they had been adopting the algal bio-sequestration by
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                                        C. Basically, the factory replaces the medium twice a day. At one hour before
                                    cooperating with the research group at our university.  
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                                        replacing the medium, the user needs to turn on switch C to discharge ninety
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                                        percent of the medium. When it is time to replace the medium, switch C will be
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                                        turned off and switch B will be turned on to refill medium. When sufficient
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                                        medium is added, switch B will be turned off and switch A will be turned on to
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                                        let CO<sub>2</sub> in. Just like the animation showed on Fig 1..
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                                    </p>
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                                     <p class="pcontent">Considering the cost, the growth time of our <i>E. coli</i> and
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                                        the floor area, we optimized replace time of the medium, replace it every
 +
                                        twelve hours and with 72 parallel bioreactors.
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                                        Next, we are going to have more detail description on three parts, which are <a
 +
                                            class="link" href="#gas_and_flow_system">Gas preparation system and flow
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                                            system</a>,
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                                        <a class="link" href="#medium_preparation">Medium preparation</a>,
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                                        and <a class="link" href="#downstream">Downstream products purification and
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                                            biosafety</a>.
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                                    </p>
  
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                                    <h5 class="boldh5" id="gas_and_flow_system">A. Gas preparation system and flow
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                                        system</h5>
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                                    <div class="centerimg">
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                                        <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/46/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_gasflow.png"
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                                            alt="gasflow">
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                                    </div>
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                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 3. Diagram of gas preparation system and flow system </p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">According to IGCC (Integrate Gasification Combined Cycle) flow
 +
                                        diagram, the fuel is first converted to syngas which is a mixture of H<sub>2</sub>
 +
                                        and CO. The syngas is then burned in a combined cycle consisting of a gas
 +
                                        turbine and a steam turbine with a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). After
 +
                                        CO<sub>2</sub> / H<sub>2</sub> separation, IGCC can reach the demand of CO<sub>2</sub>
 +
                                        purity including low SOx and NOx emission fraction of allowable limits of
 +
                                        bacteria. Finally, the produced flue gas could enter the pipeline leading to
 +
                                        the bioreactor. </p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">
 +
                                        In <i>E. coli </i>utilization system, the air is pumped in to neutralize the
 +
                                        concentration of CO<sub>2</sub>. A controlled valve is used to control flow
 +
                                        rate and split distribution. When the switch a is turned on, the switch b will
 +
                                        be turned off, and vice versa. As for the CO<sub>2</sub> inlet and outlet, it
 +
                                        will maintain an open system of bioreactor. In other words, CO<sub>2</sub> will
 +
                                        enter continuously and cause some non-reacted CO<sub>2</sub> emitted.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <h5 class="boldh5">Process</h5>
+
                                    <div class="centerimg">
                                     <p class="pcontent">We were given the opportunity to meet with the senior executive of China Steel Corporation
+
                                        <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/b/b8/T--NCKU_Tainan--IGCC.png"
                                         to gain invaluable insight for our research. The meeting commenced with our presentation.  
+
                                            alt="medium">
                                         During the presentation, we introduced our project, including the bioreactor design and the industrial model.  
+
                                    </div>
                                         By listing out all the aspects we had considered, we would like to obtain advice
+
                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 4. IGCC process flow diagram. Source: Vattenfall. (2010)
                                         on the practical and social considerations involved in the application of our project in industry.
+
                                        <br></br>
 +
                                        Syngas has been treated by sulfur and nitrogen removal, as well as heavy metal
 +
                                        removal and cooling tank. Through IGCC process, purified CO<sub>2</sub> in flue
 +
                                        gas is allowable for <i>E. coli</i> CO<sub>2</sub> utilizing. </p>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
                                     <h5 class="boldh5" id="medium_preparation">B. Medium preparation</h5>
 +
                                    <div class="centerimg">
 +
                                        <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/f4/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_medium.png"
 +
                                            alt="medium">
 +
                                    </div>
 +
                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 5. Diagram of medium preparation</p>
 +
                                     <p class="pcontent">At this stage, we have two sections to consider, medium storage
 +
                                         and medium preparation before replacing time.</p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">
 +
                                        The medium is composed of M9 salt and xylose. For storage, we will convert it
 +
                                         into powder with the required proportion. At one hour before replacing time,
 +
                                        pour the powder into the medium tank and turn on the water injection switch.
 +
                                         Turn on the stirrer of medium tank to have medium powder and water perfect
 +
                                         mixing. The outlet of bioreactor (switch c) will be turned on at the same time,
 +
                                        letting ninety percent of the medium in the bioreactor flow out . When the
 +
                                        medium have prepared well, turn on the switch a and switch b for replacing
 +
                                        medium in bioreactor, while the switch c will be turned off.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                 
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">We also consider the process of raw materials, especially
                                    <h5 class="boldh5">Suggestion and Question</h5>
+
                                        xylose, which is the key source of our pathway. Since xylose is one of the
                                     <p class="pcontent">Will the high concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> retard growth of engineered bacteria?</p>
+
                                        products of agricultural waste degradation, we visited the <a class="link" href="#gas_and_flow_system">2018
                                    <p class="pcontent">Microalgae is reported resistant to SOx and NOx. Does <i>E. coli</i> survive under such conditions?</p>
+
                                            Tainan Biotechnology and Green Energy Expo </a> to consulted with
                                    <p class="pcontent">The two questions above were the main concern of CSC. Basically,the best condition for engineered <i>E. coli</i> to capture CO<sub>2</sub> is a lower CO<sub>2</sub>
+
                                         researchers from National Energy Program-Phase II, whose projects was biofuel
                                        concentration without too much SOx and NOx particles.
+
                                         and biodegradable plastic production via agricultural waste. They had developed
                                        However, we won’t be able to provide an ideal culture condition in Industrial application.
+
                                         technique that degrade cellulose and semi-cellulose by ion solution.
                                         After testing the tolerance of <i>E. coli</i>, we conclude that <i>E. coli</i> is possible to survive under that
+
                                         kind of condition in factory and the only effects its expression.  
+
                                         It may not capture as much CO<sub>2</sub> as culture in the lab.
+
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <p class="pcontent">It is important to define a specific commercial product that can be truly produced
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">
                                        since your user may consider its economic viability.  
+
                                        Besides, we have opportunity to collaborate with <a class="link" href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:NCKU_Tainan/Collaborations#UESTC-China">UESTC-Chian
                                         They stated that a product that can be widely used is better.  
+
                                            team </a>. They work for degrading straw with synthetic biology and convert
                                         At the same time, we should consider current GMO legislation if we want to commercialize those products.
+
                                         the product into bio-fuel. One of the product from straw degradation is xylose.
                                        The actual condition is not as ideal as in the laboratory,
+
                                         These techniques are eco-friendly and low-energy-require. Therefore, the
                                         we should optimize the condition to maximize the carbon fixation ability of the microbes.
+
                                         process development of xylose production will be a low-carbon-emission process.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <h5 class="boldh5">Interview record</h5>
+
                                     <h5 class="boldh5" id="downstream">C. Downstream products purification and
                                    <p class="pcontent"> The record can be separated into two parts.  
+
                                         biosafety</h5>
                                         One is about their feedback after interview, another one is our customer investigate questions.
+
                                     <div class="centerimg">
                                        We use CSC represent China Steel.
+
                                        <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/7/7e/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_downstream.png"
                                    </p>  
+
                                            alt="downstream">
                                     <p class="pcontent"><a class="link" href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:NCKU_Tainan/Entrepreneurship#CSC">Click to see complete interview</a></p>
+
                                    </div>
                                </div>
+
                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 6. Diagram of downstream process</p>
 
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">We will discharge 90% of the used medium in the bioreactor one
                                  <div id="Business_Model">
+
                                         hour before new medium flows in. Which means that we let 10% of the culture
                                    <h3>Business Model</h3>
+
                                         remain in the bioreactor as seed culture. The effluent medium will be
                                     <p class="pcontent">The business model describes how an organization creates,
+
                                         sterilized and filtered in the downstream clean-up tank. At this step, we
                                         delivers, and captures value in an economic, social, cultural, or other environment.  
+
                                         harvest the bacteria and extracting the by-product such as amino acids,
                                        Therefore, we introduce this business model as the basis for assessing the integrity and
+
                                         proteins, medicine or bio-fuel. Different extracting process designed depends
                                         effectiveness of our ideas to work with our industry and even national research.
+
                                         on different by-product.
                                         First, we ask questions about this, and beyond the solution,
+
                                        we also explain why we chose this question. Second, we analyzed future developments,
+
                                         including the advantages of using this approach.
+
                                         Next, we introduce our plan to many relevant departments and discuss with the national research.  
+
                                         I hope that this plan can be used to promote this plan in the future.
+
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                    <h5 class="boldh5">Target issue</h5>
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">Besides, we try to reuse the waste heat of factories for
                                     <p class="pcontent">More and more people are now paying attention to the impact of CO<sub>2</sub>.
+
                                         sterilizing. The waste water can be recycled as well through removing toxins
                                         The trend of environmental degradation is gradually increasing.
+
                                         and adjusting pH value the effluent could return to the medium tank. As for
                                         Scientist and national worldwide contribute to capture those excessive CO<sub>2</sub>.  
+
                                         energy require for this system, renewable energy helps us to reach near -zero
                                         However, how to reduce carbon and use it has become a major problem today.
+
                                         carbon emission process.
                                         Challenges against carbon process are complicate. Except the technique and implement problem,
+
                                        social acceptability and policy are other key factors about carbon process technology.
+
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <p class="pcontent">In general, planting is a method of carbon process,  
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">Furthermore, we would like to set up membrane bioreactor (MBR)
                                         and the current use of green algae as a method of carbon utilization.
+
                                         system, which use a hollow filter membrane that is able to filter most of
                                         This year, we hope to combine synthetic biology with the most advanced technologies.  
+
                                         bacteria in the sewage sludge. We use the system to concentrate the used medium
                                        We want to draw people's attention to the environment and reuse these environmentally
+
                                         before extracting by-product. And the water went through the system is able to
                                         stimulating projects.  
+
                                        recycle back to the medium tank.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                    <h5 class="boldh5"> Business model analysis </h5>
 
 
                                     <div class="centerimg">
 
                                     <div class="centerimg">
                                         <img style="width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/48/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_business_model.png" alt="gasflow">
+
 
 +
                                         <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/c/c1/T--NCKU_Tainan--Product_MBR.gif"
 +
                                            alt="MBR">
 +
                                        <p class="pcenter">Fig 7. Picture of waste water recycle system </p>
 +
 
 +
                                        <img class="smallimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/1/11/T--NCKU_Tainan--Product_MBRreal.jpg"
 +
                                            alt="real MBR">
 +
                                        <p class="pcenter">Fig 8. Picture of MBR from KME technology Inc.</p>
 
                                     </div>
 
                                     </div>
                                     <p class="pcontent"></p>
+
 
                                     <h5 class="boldh5"></h5>
+
                                </ol>
 +
                            </div>
 +
                            <div id="Application">
 +
                                <h3>Application : China Steel</h3>
 +
                                <img class="bigimg" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/a/a9/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_chinasteel1.png"
 +
                                     alt="china_steel">
 +
                                <p class="pcenter">Fig 9. Picture of CSC interview</p>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">Meeting with experts and stakeholders is important in shaping our
 +
                                    project to fulfill the needs of our target user.
 +
                                    China Steel Corporation is the largest integrated steel Manufacturer in Taiwan.
 +
                                    Also, they had been adopting the algal bio-sequestration by
 +
                                    cooperating with the research group at our university.
 +
 
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5">Process</h5>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">We were given the opportunity to meet with the senior executive of
 +
                                     China Steel Corporation
 +
                                    to gain invaluable insight for our research. The meeting commenced with our
 +
                                    presentation.
 +
                                    During the presentation, we introduced our project, including the bioreactor design
 +
                                    and the industrial model.
 +
                                    By listing out all the aspects we had considered, we would like to obtain advice
 +
                                    on the practical and social considerations involved in the application of our
 +
                                    project in industry.
 +
                                </p>
 +
 
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5">Suggestion and Question</h5>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">Will the high concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> retard growth of
 +
                                    engineered bacteria?</p>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">Microalgae is reported resistant to SOx and NOx. Does <i>E. coli</i>
 +
                                    survive under such conditions?</p>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">The two questions above were the main concern of CSC. Basically,the
 +
                                    best condition for engineered <i>E. coli</i> to capture CO<sub>2</sub> is a lower
 +
                                    CO<sub>2</sub>
 +
                                    concentration without too much SOx and NOx particles.
 +
                                    However, we won’t be able to provide an ideal culture condition in Industrial
 +
                                    application.
 +
                                    After testing the tolerance of <i>E. coli</i>, we conclude that <i>E. coli</i> is
 +
                                    possible to survive under that
 +
                                    kind of condition in factory and the only effects its expression.
 +
                                    It may not capture as much CO<sub>2</sub> as culture in the lab.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">It is important to define a specific commercial product that can be
 +
                                    truly produced
 +
                                    since your user may consider its economic viability.
 +
                                    They stated that a product that can be widely used is better.
 +
                                    At the same time, we should consider current GMO legislation if we want to
 +
                                    commercialize those products.
 +
                                    The actual condition is not as ideal as in the laboratory,
 +
                                    we should optimize the condition to maximize the carbon fixation ability of the
 +
                                    microbes.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5">Interview record</h5>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent"> The record can be separated into two parts.
 +
                                    One is about their feedback after interview, another one is our customer
 +
                                    investigate questions.
 +
                                    We use CSC represent China Steel.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent"><a class="link" href="https://2018.igem.org/Team:NCKU_Tainan/Entrepreneurship#CSC">Click
 +
                                        to see complete interview</a></p>
 +
                            </div>
 +
 
 +
                            <div id="Business_Model">
 +
                                <h3>Business Model</h3>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">The business model describes how an organization creates,
 +
                                    delivers, and captures value in an economic, social, cultural, or other
 +
                                    environment.
 +
                                    Therefore, we introduce this business model as the basis for assessing the
 +
                                    integrity and
 +
                                    effectiveness of our ideas to work with our industry and even national research.
 +
                                    First, we ask questions about this, and beyond the solution,
 +
                                    we also explain why we chose this question. Second, we analyzed future
 +
                                    developments,
 +
                                    including the advantages of using this approach.
 +
                                    Next, we introduce our plan to many relevant departments and discuss with the
 +
                                    national research.
 +
                                    I hope that this plan can be used to promote this plan in the future.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5">Target issue</h5>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">More and more people are now paying attention to the impact of CO<sub>2</sub>.
 +
                                    The trend of environmental degradation is gradually increasing.
 +
                                    Scientist and national worldwide contribute to capture those excessive CO<sub>2</sub>.
 +
                                    However, how to reduce carbon and use it has become a major problem today.
 +
                                    Challenges against carbon process are complicate. Except the technique and
 +
                                    implement problem,
 +
                                    social acceptability and policy are other key factors about carbon process
 +
                                    technology.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">In general, planting is a method of carbon process,
 +
                                    and the current use of green algae as a method of carbon utilization.
 +
                                    This year, we hope to combine synthetic biology with the most advanced
 +
                                    technologies.
 +
                                    We want to draw people's attention to the environment and reuse these
 +
                                    environmentally
 +
                                    stimulating projects.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5"> Business model analysis </h5>
 +
                                <div class="centerimg">
 +
                                    <img style="width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/48/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_business_model.png"
 +
                                        alt="gasflow">
 
                                 </div>
 
                                 </div>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent"></p>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5"></h5>
 +
                            </div>
  
                                <div id="Cost_Evaluation">
+
                            <div id="Cost_Evaluation">
                                    <h3>Cost Evaluation</h3>
+
                                <h3>Cost Evaluation</h3>
                                    <p class="pcontent">The cost evaluation is always crucial for product being on the market.  
+
                                <p class="pcontent">The cost evaluation is always crucial for product being on the
                                        To compare our engineered <i>E. coli</i> to microalgae,  
+
                                    market.
                                        we calculate how much the cost it would be when capturing 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub>.
+
                                    To compare our engineered <i>E. coli</i> to microalgae,
 +
                                    we calculate how much the cost it would be when capturing 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub>.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5">Volume</h5>
 +
                                <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 1 Volume required in capturing 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub></p>
 +
                                <div class="card card-body">
 +
                                    <table>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Organisms</th>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>-fixation rate (mg/L*hr)</th>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Biomass concentration (gDCW/L)</th>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Specific CO<sub>2</sub>-fixation rate</th>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Volume requiredd (L)</th>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">Engineered <i>E. coli</i></td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">19.6</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">0.87</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">22.5</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">51000</td>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">Chlorella vulgaris</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">53</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">5.7</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">9.3</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">19000</td>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                    </table>
 +
                                    <br>
 +
                                    <div class="centerimg">
 +
                                        <img style="width: 70%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/3/31/T--NCKU_Tainan--cost_volume.jpg"
 +
                                            alt="volume">
 +
                                    </div>
 +
                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 6. Different volume required between micralgae and
 +
                                        engineered <i>E. coli</i> </p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">
 +
                                        For capturing 1kg of CO<sub>2</sub> in one hour, 51000 L is required with
 +
                                        engineered <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization. It seems that the difference
 +
                                        volume required for utilizing same amount of CO<sub>2</sub> is disadvantage of
 +
                                        <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system. At this situation, we have to look
 +
                                        into the design of the different bioreactor. For microalgae culture, it
 +
                                        requires a large surface area to increase light intensity. As usual, the height
 +
                                        of the microalgae culture pond cannot exceed 0.5 m. In other words, we have to
 +
                                        build a 7 m diameter culture pond with the volume of 19000L. In constrast,
 +
                                        engineered <i>E. coli</i> is not limited by light. The bioreactor of <i>E. coli</i>
 +
                                        can be built with any height in the indoor or outdoor. To scale up the
 +
                                        bioreactor, a 5.8 m diameted with 1.9 m height equals to 51000 L which has
 +
                                        lower floor area required.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <h5 class="boldh5">Volume</h5>
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">As a result,the bioreactor of engineered <i>E. coli</i> can
                                     <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 1  Volume required in capturing 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub></p>
+
                                        save more than 30% floor area compared with micoralgae culture pond. Take the
 +
                                        floor area of Taiwan as an example, we can build 94 billions of microalgae
 +
                                        culture pond to uilize 10% of annual emission with 12 operation hours. However,
 +
                                        1 over 3 of floor area will be save if we replace them with <i>E. coli</i>
 +
                                        bioreactor. <i>E. coli</i> bioreactor is more flexible on spacing using, and is
 +
                                        less sensitive to weather effect.
 +
                                    </p>
 +
 
 +
                                </div>
 +
                                <h5 class="boldh5">Cost</h5>
 +
                                <p class="pcontent">
 +
                                     The most expensive source in the medium of our engineered <i>E. coli</i> is xylose.
 +
                                    1 mole of xylose will capture 0.17 mole of CO<sub>2</sub>.
 +
                                    Therefore, we need 20.0535 kg of xylose while 1 kg of xylose costs 2 USD.
 +
                                    The total cost for our engineered <i>E. coli</i> requires 40.107 USD for capture 1
 +
                                    ton of CO<sub>2</sub>.
 +
                                    In contrast, microalgae needs 1000 liter to capture 250 g of CO<sub>2</sub>,
 +
                                    so it needs 4000 liter (about 4 tons) water while 1 ton costs 9.78 USD.
 +
                                    The total cost for microalgae is 39.13 USD.
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 2 Cost required in capturing 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub>
 +
                                </p>
 +
                                <div class="card card-body">
 +
                                    <table>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Item</th>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Microalgae</th>
 +
                                            <th colspan="1">Engineered <i>E. coli</i></th>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub> utilizing rate</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">250 g/m<sup>3</sup>/day</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">19.6 mg/g (DRY cell weight)</td>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">source required for 1 kg CO<sub>2</sub> utilization</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">4 tons of water</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">20.0535 kg xylose</td>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">Cost</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">39.13 USD</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">40.107 USD</td>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                        <tr>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">Source</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">NCKU Annan campus</td>
 +
                                            <td colspan="1">Adjust reference<sup>[1]</sup> and experiment</td>
 +
                                        </tr>
 +
                                    </table>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">We take two major industrial in Taiwan for example, which are
 +
                                        China Steel Corporation (CSC) and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company
 +
                                        (TSMC). We had done some research on annual emission and calculated with our CO<sub>2</sub>
 +
                                        utilization efficiency. We also set the average carbon emission of small and
 +
                                        medium enterprise (SME) as a standard goal which was easier to reach.
 +
                                        Therefore, we can model the scale of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system
 +
                                        working for 1 % CO<sub>2</sub> emission of different enterprise.
 +
                                    </p>
 +
                                    <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 3 Cost of dealing with 1% amount of
 +
                                        industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emission </p>
 
                                     <div class="card card-body">
 
                                     <div class="card card-body">
 
                                         <table>
 
                                         <table>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Organisms</th>
+
                                                 <th colspan="1">Industrial</th>
                                                 <th colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub>-fixation rate (mg/L*hr)</th>
+
                                                 <th colspan="1">annual emission</th>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Biomass concentration (gDCW/L)</th>
+
                                                <th colspan="1">1% of CO<sub>2</sub> emission per hour</th>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Specific CO<sub>2</sub>-fixation rate</th>
+
                                                 <th colspan="1">Number of required device</th>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Volume requiredd (L)</th>                                                      
+
                                                 <th colspan="1">Area required</th>
 +
                                                 <th colspan="1">Operation cost (USD)</th>
 +
 
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <td colspan="1">Engineered <i>E. coli</i></td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">CSC</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">19.6</td>
+
                                                <td colspan="1">3.30 millon tons </td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">0.87</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">3750 kg</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">22.5</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">4555</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">51000</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">11.3875 hectare</td>
 +
                                                 <td colspan="1">150.4 thousands </td>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <td colspan="1">Chlorella vulgaris</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">TSMC</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">53</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">0.387 millon tons</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">5.7</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">442 kg</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">9.3</td>
+
                                                <td colspan="1">537</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">19000</td>
+
                                                <td colspan="1">1.34 hectare</td>
 +
                                                 <td colspan="1">17.3 thousands </td>
 +
                                            </tr>
 +
                                            <tr>
 +
                                                 <td colspan="1">SME</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">20 thousands tons</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">23.529 kg</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">29</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">0.0713 hectare</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">1 thousands </td>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                         </table>
 
                                         </table>
                                        <br>
 
                                          <div class="centerimg">
 
                                            <img style="width: 70%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/3/31/T--NCKU_Tainan--cost_volume.jpg" alt="volume">
 
                                          </div>
 
                                          <p class="pcenter">Fig 6. Different volume required between micralgae and engineered <i>E. coli</i> </p>
 
<p class="pcontent">
 
                                        For capturing 1kg of CO<sub>2</sub> in one hour, 51000 L is required with engineered <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization. It seems that the difference volume required for utilizing same amount of CO<sub>2</sub> is disadvantage of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system. At this situation, we have to look into the design of the different bioreactor. For microalgae culture, it requires a large surface area to increase light intensity. As usual, the height of the  microalgae culture pond cannot exceed 0.5 m. In other words, we have to build a 7 m diameter culture pond with the volume of 19000L. In constrast, engineered <i>E. coli</i> is not limited by light. The bioreactor of <i>E. coli</i> can be built with any height in the indoor or outdoor. To scale up the bioreactor, a 5.8 m diameted with 1.9 m height equals to 51000 L which has lower floor area required.
 
                                    </p>
 
                                    <p class="pcontent">As a result,the bioreactor of engineered <i>E. coli</i> can save more than 30% floor area compared with micoralgae culture pond. Take the floor area of Taiwan as an example, we can build 94 billions of microalgae culture pond to uilize 10% of annual emission with 12 operation hours. However, 1 over 3 of floor area will be save if we replace them with <i>E. coli</i> bioreactor. <i>E. coli</i> bioreactor is more flexible on spacing using, and is less sensitive to weather effect.
 
                                    </p>
 
 
 
                                     </div>
 
                                     </div>
                                     <h5 class="boldh5">Cost</h5>
+
                                     <p class="pcontent" id="closep"> We take two major industrial in Taiwan for
                                    <p class="pcontent">
+
                                        example,
                                         The most expensive source in the medium of our engineered <i>E. coli</i> is xylose.
+
                                         which are China Steel Corporation (CSC) and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing
                                         1 mole of xylose will capture 0.17 mole of CO<sub>2</sub>.  
+
                                        Company (TSMC). We had research on annual emission and calculate with our
                                        Therefore, we need 20.0535 kg of xylose while 1 kg of xylose costs 2 USD.
+
                                         CO<sub>2</sub> utilization efficiency. Therefore,
                                        The total cost for our engineered <i>E. coli</i> requires 40.107 USD for capture 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub>.
+
                                        we can model the scale of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system working
                                        In contrast, microalgae needs 1000 liter to capture 250 g of CO<sub>2</sub>,
+
                                        for 1 % of industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emission.
                                        so it needs 4000 liter (about 4 tons) water while 1 ton costs 9.78 USD.
+
                                        The total cost for microalgae is 39.13 USD.
+
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 2 Cost required in capturing 1 ton of CO<sub>2</sub> </p>
+
                                     <br>
 +
                                    <h5 class="boldh5">Energy consumption</h5>
 +
                                    <p class="pcontent">Our bioreactor applies in the industry,
 +
                                        including the magnetic stirrer, pump and controller.
 +
                                        It will cost 3313 USD every month if the price of industrial electricity
 +
                                        is 0.063 USD per kWh.
 +
                                    </p>
 +
                                    <br>
 +
                                    <p class="pcenter"> Table 4 Energy consumption of different items of device </p>
 
                                     <div class="card card-body">
 
                                     <div class="card card-body">
 
                                         <table>
 
                                         <table>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Item</th>
+
                                                 <th colspan="1"></th>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Microalgae</th>
+
                                                 <th colspan="1">Magnetic stirrer</th>
                                                 <th colspan="1">Engineered <i>E. coli</i></th>                                          
+
                                                 <th colspan="1">Pump</th>
 +
                                                <th colspan="1">Controller</th>
 +
 
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <td colspan="1">CO<sub>2</sub> utilizing rate</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">hp</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">250 g/m<sup>3</sup>/day</td>
+
                                                <td colspan="1">2 </td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">19.6 mg/g (DRY cell weight)</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">none</td>
 +
                                                 <td colspan="1">100</td>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <td colspan="1">source required for 1 kg CO<sub>2</sub> utilization</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">kW</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">4 tons of water</td>
+
                                                <td colspan="1">1.47</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">20.0535 kg xylose</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">0.1</td>
 +
                                                 <td colspan="1">73.5</td>
 +
 
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <td colspan="1">Cost</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">kWh</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">39.13 USD</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">1058.4</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">40.107 USD</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">72</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">52920</td>
 +
 
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             <tr>
 
                                             <tr>
                                                 <td colspan="1">Source</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">Price (USD)</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">NCKU Annan campus</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">67.03</td>
                                                 <td colspan="1">Adjust reference<sup>[1]</sup> and experiment</td>
+
                                                 <td colspan="1">4.56</td>
 +
                                                <td colspan="1">3351.6</td>
 +
 
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                             </tr>
 
                                         </table>
 
                                         </table>
                                         <p class="pcontent">We take two major industrial in Taiwan for example, which are China Steel Corporation (CSC) and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). We had done some research on annual emission and calculated with our CO<sub>2</sub> utilization efficiency. We also set the average carbon emission of small and medium enterprise (SME) as a standard goal which was easier to reach. Therefore, we can model the scale of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system working for 1 % CO<sub>2</sub> emission of different enterprise.
+
                                         <p class="pcontent hpword">* hp = horse power</p>
                                        </p>                                       
+
                                        <p class="pcontent hpword">* kW = kilowatt </p>
                                        <p class="pcenter" id="closep"> Table 3 Cost of dealing with 1% amount of industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emission </p>
+
                                        <p class="pcontent hpword">* kWh = kilowatt per hour in one month</p>
                                        <div class="card card-body">
+
                                    </div>
                                            <table>
+
                                                <tr>
+
                                                    <th colspan="1">Industrial</th>
+
                                                    <th colspan="1">annual emission</th>
+
                                                    <th colspan="1">1% of CO<sub>2</sub> emission per hour</th>
+
                                                    <th colspan="1">Number of required device</th>
+
                                                    <th colspan="1">Area required</th>
+
                                                    <th colspan="1">Operation cost (USD)</th> 
+
                                                                                         
+
                                                </tr>
+
                                                <tr>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">CSC</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">3.30 millon tons </td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">3750 kg</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">4555</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">11.3875 hectare</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">150.4 thousands </td>
+
                                                </tr>
+
                                                <tr>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">TSMC</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">0.387 millon tons</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">442 kg</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">537</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">1.34 hectare</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">17.3 thousands </td>
+
                                                </tr>
+
                                                <tr>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">SME</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">20 thousands tons</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">23.529 kg</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">29</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">0.0713 hectare</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">1 thousands </td>
+
                                                </tr>
+
                                            </table>
+
                                        </div>
+
                                        <p class="pcontent" id="closep"> We take two major industrial in Taiwan for example,
+
                                            which are China Steel Corporation (CSC) and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing
+
                                            Company (TSMC). We had research on annual emission and calculate with our
+
                                            CO<sub>2</sub> utilization efficiency. Therefore,
+
                                            we can model the scale of <i>E. coli</i> carbon utilization system working
+
                                            for 1 % of industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emission.
+
                                        </p>
+
<br>
+
                                        <h5 class="boldh5">Energy consumption</h5>
+
                                        <p class="pcontent">Our bioreactor applies in the industry,
+
                                            including the magnetic stirrer, pump and controller.
+
                                            It will cost 3313 USD every month if the price of industrial electricity
+
                                            is 0.063 USD per kWh.
+
                                        </p>
+
                                        <br>
+
                                        <p class="pcenter"> Table 4 Energy consumption of different items of device </p>
+
                                        <div class="card card-body">
+
                                            <table>
+
                                                <tr>
+
                                                    <th colspan="1"></th>
+
                                                    <th colspan="1">Magnetic stirrer</th>
+
                                                    <th colspan="1">Pump</th>
+
                                                    <th colspan="1">Controller</th>
+
                                                   
+
                                                </tr>
+
                                                <tr>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">hp</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">2 </td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">none</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">100</td>                                                 
+
                                                </tr>
+
                                                <tr>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">kW</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">1.47</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">0.1</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">73.5</td>
+
                                                 
+
                                                </tr>
+
                                                <tr>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">kWh</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">1058.4</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">72</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">52920</td>
+
                                                   
+
                                                </tr>
+
                                                <tr>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">Price (USD)</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">67.03</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">4.56</td>
+
                                                    <td colspan="1">3351.6</td>
+
                                                   
+
                                                </tr>
+
                                            </table>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent hpword">* hp = horse power</p>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent hpword">* kW = kilowatt </p>
+
                                            <p class="pcontent hpword">* kWh = kilowatt per hour in one month</p>
+
                                        </div>
+
 
                                 </div>
 
                                 </div>
                       
+
 
 
                                 <div id="Future_Work">
 
                                 <div id="Future_Work">
 
                                     <h3>Future Work</h3>
 
                                     <h3>Future Work</h3>
                                     <p class="pcontent">For industrial application design, we focus on manufacturing valuable products using pyruvate and  
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">For industrial application design, we focus on manufacturing
                                         the linkage between our engineered <i>E. coli</i> between factory.  
+
                                        valuable products using pyruvate and
                                         We have designed a device containing our recombinant <i>E. coli</i>,  
+
                                         the linkage between our engineered <i>E. coli</i> between factory.
                                         constructed a system which links with factory.  
+
                                         We have designed a device containing our recombinant <i>E. coli</i>,
                                         However, we still look forward to more modifications of our biological pathway and system.
+
                                         constructed a system which links with factory.
 +
                                         However, we still look forward to more modifications of our biological pathway
 +
                                        and system.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <p class="pcontent">The most important intermediate product, pyruvate,  
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">The most important intermediate product, pyruvate,
                                         is also possible to be converted to other compounds by <i>E. coli</i> native enzymes or constructed enzymes  
+
                                         is also possible to be converted to other compounds by <i>E. coli</i> native
                                         which is clone into <i>E. coli</i> from other organism.  
+
                                        enzymes or constructed enzymes
                                         For future work of pyruvate, we expect that it is predicable to produce amino acid, fatty acid,  
+
                                         which is clone into <i>E. coli</i> from other organism.
                                         biofuel and even biodegradable plastic. Pyruvate is crucial for central metabolism pathway,  
+
                                         For future work of pyruvate, we expect that it is predicable to produce amino
                                         the TCA cycle, of most organism and has the potential to become vary biochemistry compounds.  
+
                                        acid, fatty acid,
 +
                                         biofuel and even biodegradable plastic. Pyruvate is crucial for central
 +
                                        metabolism pathway,
 +
                                         the TCA cycle, of most organism and has the potential to become vary
 +
                                        biochemistry compounds.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <p class="pcontent">We set our first future goal at producing glutamine,  
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">We set our first future goal at producing glutamine,
                                         an essential amino acid for human and some animals. We can simply purify it as a nutrient supply.  
+
                                         an essential amino acid for human and some animals. We can simply purify it as
                                         Not only for medical and daily usage for people, but also for animal husbandry.  
+
                                        a nutrient supply.
                                         Furthermore, glutamine can easily convert to other amino acid, and potentially produce other proteins.
+
                                         Not only for medical and daily usage for people, but also for animal husbandry.
 +
                                         Furthermore, glutamine can easily convert to other amino acid, and potentially
 +
                                        produce other proteins.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     <div class="centerimg">
 
                                     <div class="centerimg">
                                         <img style="width: 70%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/1/15/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_future_work.png" alt="gasflow">
+
                                         <img style="width: 70%; height: auto;" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/1/15/T--NCKU_Tainan--applied_design_future_work.png"
 +
                                            alt="gasflow">
 
                                     </div>
 
                                     </div>
                                        <p class="pcenter">Fig 10. Diagram of pyruvate in central carbon metabolism </p>
+
                                    <p class="pcenter">Fig 10. Diagram of pyruvate in central carbon metabolism </p>
                                     <p class="pcontent">Furthermore, researchers have successfully constructed pathways produced cellulose and  
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">Furthermore, researchers have successfully constructed pathways
                                         Poly 3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate through the TCA cycle.  
+
                                        produced cellulose and
                                         We are confident of manufacturing more valuable and diverse products from pyruvate.
+
                                         Poly 3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate through the TCA cycle.
 +
                                         We are confident of manufacturing more valuable and diverse products from
 +
                                        pyruvate.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
                                     <p class="pcontent">WAs for the device we designed, we expect that it is possible to modify our device for power  
+
                                     <p class="pcontent">WAs for the device we designed, we expect that it is possible
                                         generator and other industry. Our device can utilize CO<sub>2</sub> and convert it into various valuable products.  
+
                                        to modify our device for power
                                         With our system, companies can not only reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emission but also make profits.
+
                                         generator and other industry. Our device can utilize CO<sub>2</sub> and convert
 +
                                        it into various valuable products.
 +
                                         With our system, companies can not only reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emission but also
 +
                                        make profits.
 
                                     </p>
 
                                     </p>
 
                                 </div>
 
                                 </div>
                             
+
 
 
                                 <div id="Reference">
 
                                 <div id="Reference">
 
                                     <h3>References</h3>
 
                                     <h3>References</h3>
 
                                     <ol>
 
                                     <ol>
                                         <li class="smallp">G. Fuyu, L. Guoxia, Z. Xiaoyun, Z. Jie, C. Zhen, L. Yin, Quantitative analysis of an engineered CO<sub>2</sub>-fixing Escherichia coli reveals great potential of heterotrophic CO<sub>2</sub> fixation. Gong et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2015, 8:86.</li>
+
                                         <li class="smallp">G. Fuyu, L. Guoxia, Z. Xiaoyun, Z. Jie, C. Zhen, L. Yin,
                                         <li class="smallp">  
+
                                            Quantitative analysis of an engineered CO<sub>2</sub>-fixing Escherichia
張嘉修、陳俊延、林志生、楊勝仲、周德珍、郭子禎、顏宏偉、李澤民 (2015), 二氧化碳再利用─微藻養殖, 科學發展 2015 年 6 月│ 510 期 </li>
+
                                            coli reveals great potential of heterotrophic CO<sub>2</sub> fixation. Gong
                                        <li class="smallp"> L. Irlam, GLOBAL COSTS OF CARBON CAPTURE AND
+
                                            et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2015, 8:86.</li>
STORAGE, Global CCS Institute, Senior Adviser Policy & Economics, Asia-Pacific Region </li>
+
                                         <li class="smallp">
                                        <li class="smallp">J. H. Park, J. E. Oh, K. H. Lee, J. Y. Kim, S. Y. Lee. Rational Design of Escherichia coli for L‑Isoleucine Production. [ACS Synth Biol.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656230#) 2012</li>
+
                                            張嘉修、陳俊延、林志生、楊勝仲、周德珍、郭子禎、顏宏偉、李澤民 (2015), 二氧化碳再利用─微藻養殖, 科學發展 2015 年 6 月│ 510
                                        <li class="smallp">M. KUNDAK, L. LAZI], J. RNKO. CO<sub>2</sub> EMISSIONS IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY. METALURGIJA 48, 2009</li>
+
                                            期 </li>
                                        <li class="smallp">V. N. Kalpana, D. S. Prabhu, S. Vinodhini, Devirajeswari V. Biomedical waste and its management. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016</li>
+
                                        <li class="smallp"> L. Irlam, GLOBAL COSTS OF CARBON CAPTURE AND
                                        <li class="smallp">Q. Ma, Q. Zhang, Q. Xu, C. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Fan, X. Xie, N. Chen. Systems metabolic engineering strategies for the production of amino acids. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2 (2017)</li>
+
                                            STORAGE, Global CCS Institute, Senior Adviser Policy & Economics,
                                        <li class="smallp">J. B. Magnus, D. Hollwedel, M. Oldiges, R. Takors. Monitoring and Modeling of the Reaction Dynamics in the Valine/Leucine Synthesis Pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol. Prog. 2006</li>
+
                                            Asia-Pacific Region </li>
                                        <li class="smallp">I. Kusumoto. Industrial Production of L-Glutamine. American Society for Nutritional Sciences, 2001</li>
+
                                        <li class="smallp">J. H. Park, J. E. Oh, K. H. Lee, J. Y. Kim, S. Y. Lee.
                                        <li class="smallp">Q. Chen, Q. Wang, G. Wei, Q. Liang, Q. Qi. Production inEscherichia coli of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) with Differing Monomer Compositions from Unrelated Carbon Sources. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 2011</li>
+
                                            Rational Design of Escherichia coli for L‑Isoleucine Production. [ACS Synth
 +
                                            Biol.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656230#) 2012</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">M. KUNDAK, L. LAZI], J. RNKO. CO<sub>2</sub> EMISSIONS IN
 +
                                            THE STEEL INDUSTRY. METALURGIJA 48, 2009</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">V. N. Kalpana, D. S. Prabhu, S. Vinodhini, Devirajeswari V.
 +
                                            Biomedical waste and its management. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical
 +
                                            Research, 2016</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">Q. Ma, Q. Zhang, Q. Xu, C. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Fan, X. Xie, N.
 +
                                            Chen. Systems metabolic engineering strategies for the production of amino
 +
                                            acids. Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2 (2017)</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">J. B. Magnus, D. Hollwedel, M. Oldiges, R. Takors.
 +
                                            Monitoring and Modeling of the Reaction Dynamics in the Valine/Leucine
 +
                                            Synthesis Pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Biotechnol. Prog. 2006</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">I. Kusumoto. Industrial Production of L-Glutamine. American
 +
                                            Society for Nutritional Sciences, 2001</li>
 +
                                        <li class="smallp">Q. Chen, Q. Wang, G. Wei, Q. Liang, Q. Qi. Production
 +
                                            inEscherichia coli of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) with
 +
                                            Differing Monomer Compositions from Unrelated Carbon Sources. APPLIED AND
 +
                                            ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 2011</li>
 
                                     </ol>
 
                                     </ol>
 
                                 </div>
 
                                 </div>
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