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<div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Conceptualizing our Proof of Concept </h3></div> | <div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Conceptualizing our Proof of Concept </h3></div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <p>When conceptualizing our proof of concept device, we decided to design a microfluidic chip to simulate the actions that would occur inside the patient’s body. The chip would be capable of measuring the neuronal signal as well as the conductivity of the biofilm, letting us know whether our system would work correctly inside a prosthetic. After talking with many professionals such as Dr. Heng Lu (ESPCI) and Dr Ayako Yamada (ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris), we first designed a PDMS microfluidic chip with a vitreous carbon electrode to measure the signals. After talking with Dr. Catherine Villard (Institut Curie, Paris) and Dr. Frederic Khanoufi (University Paris Diderot—ITODYS), an electrochemist, we realized this type of electrode was highly sensitive, perhaps too sensitive for our type of device, and not adaptable to the size of our microfluidic chip. Guided by their advice, we switched to gold electrodes and started the fabrication process of the different type of chips at the Pierre Gilles de Gennes Institute. After attending the iCOE 2018, we learned about PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate ), and its conductive properties. As we also wanted to confine our bacteria so they would not harm our neuronal cells, we partnered with <a href="https://www.sterlitech.com">Sterlitech</a>, and tested nanoporous polycarbonate membranes coated in gold as well as nanoporous alumina oxide membrane coated in PEDOT: PSS, PEDOT: CL and PEDOT: TS. This way, we could still measure the neuronal signal and the conductivity of the biofilm while protecting the cells from getting eaten by the bacteria. </p> | + | <p>When conceptualizing our proof of concept device, we decided to design a microfluidic chip to simulate the actions that would occur inside the patient’s body. The chip would be capable of measuring the neuronal signal as well as the conductivity of the biofilm, letting us know whether our system would work correctly inside a prosthetic. After talking with many professionals such as Dr. Heng Lu (ESPCI) and Dr. Ayako Yamada (ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris), we first designed a PDMS microfluidic chip with a vitreous carbon electrode to measure the signals. After talking with Dr. Catherine Villard (Institut Curie, Paris) and Dr. Frederic Khanoufi (University Paris Diderot—ITODYS), an electrochemist, we realized this type of electrode was highly sensitive, perhaps too sensitive for our type of device, and not adaptable to the size of our microfluidic chip. Guided by their advice, we switched to gold electrodes and started the fabrication process of the different type of chips at the Pierre Gilles de Gennes Institute. After attending the iCOE 2018, we learned about PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate ), and its conductive properties. As we also wanted to confine our bacteria so they would not harm our neuronal cells, we partnered with <a href="https://www.sterlitech.com">Sterlitech</a>, and tested nanoporous polycarbonate membranes coated in gold as well as nanoporous alumina oxide membrane coated in PEDOT: PSS, PEDOT: CL and PEDOT: TS. This way, we could still measure the neuronal signal and the conductivity of the biofilm while protecting the cells from getting eaten by the bacteria. </p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Designing the interface between the tissues and the prosthetis</h3></div> | <div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Designing the interface between the tissues and the prosthetis</h3></div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <p>When we started to think about the scientific aspect of our project, we also started to design and think about how our biofilm would integrate into a physical medical device. First, we wanted to design a full prosthesis. We realized that it wasn’t the core of the problem. Indeed, the technology missing in this field was the actual interface between the prosthesis and the osseointegrated steel/titanium/ceramic stem inside the human body, limiting the field of bionic prosthesis. We decided to focus on this interface and started to talk with Dr. Benjamin Bouyer, a lumbar rachis surgeon, on how we could deposit the biofilm on or in the osseointegrated stem. We realized that the stem would be in direct contact with the surgeon meaning that if we coated the whole structure with our biofilm, it would probably be stripped off, get deposited on the gloves and contaminate other areas. We also spoke with one member of the board of directors of ADEPA, “Association de Défense et d’Etude des Personnes Amputés », which translates to « Association for the Defense and Study of Amputated Persons” who is himself an amputee. He gave us great advice on the designing phase of this interface and raised the issue of the socket causing excessive sudation and discomfort for the patient. After meeting with experts from I-CERAM (Ceramic medical devices company, Limoges, France) and the CERAH (Center for Studies and Research on the Equipment for the Handicapped), we learned more and more about the different materials used in the making of prostheses. At this point, we realized that doing a full stainless-steel interface would stimulate the growth of bacteria in a biofilm structure. Therefore, we decided to switch and do the part in direct contact with the patient in ceramic, knowing that we still have the same problem that I-CERAM and the CERAH were facing currently. Indeed, steel doesn’t last as much as ceramic, which could be a problem when creating an interface composed of both materials. We knew then that the patient would probably need corrective surgeries to fix his osseointegrated stem. Having considered these parameters, we then decided to start modeling our prototype by integrating those different aspects as much as possible. Because we wanted it to be cost-effective and injection-moldable, we want to build our | + | <p>When we started to think about the scientific aspect of our project, we also started to design and think about how our biofilm would integrate into a physical medical device. First, we wanted to design a full prosthesis. We realized that it wasn’t the core of the problem. Indeed, the technology missing in this field was the actual interface between the prosthesis and the osseointegrated steel/titanium/ceramic stem inside the human body, limiting the field of the bionic prosthesis. We decided to focus on this interface and started to talk with Dr. Benjamin Bouyer, a lumbar rachis surgeon, on how we could deposit the biofilm on or in the osseointegrated stem. We realized that the stem would be in direct contact with the surgeon meaning that if we coated the whole structure with our biofilm, it would probably be stripped off, get deposited on the gloves and contaminate other areas. We also spoke with one member of the board of directors of ADEPA, “Association de Défense et d’Etude des Personnes Amputés », which translates to « Association for the Defense and Study of Amputated Persons” who is himself an amputee. He gave us great advice on the designing phase of this interface and raised the issue of the socket causing excessive sudation and discomfort for the patient. After meeting with experts from I-CERAM (Ceramic medical devices company, Limoges, France) and the CERAH (Center for Studies and Research on the Equipment for the Handicapped), we learned more and more about the different materials used in the making of prostheses. At this point, we realized that doing a full stainless-steel interface would stimulate the growth of bacteria in a biofilm structure. Therefore, we decided to switch and do the part in direct contact with the patient in ceramic, knowing that we still have the same problem that I-CERAM and the CERAH were facing currently. Indeed, steel doesn’t last as much as ceramic, which could be a problem when creating an interface composed of both materials. We knew then that the patient would probably need corrective surgeries to fix his osseointegrated stem. Having considered these parameters, we then decided to start modeling our prototype by integrating those different aspects as much as possible. Because we wanted it to be cost-effective and injection-moldable, we want to build our future prototypes in ABS, a thermoplastic polymer that could be molded by injection. We ordered the electronic parts composed of a charger, battery, and amplifier, and assembled it into its current state as our POC. </p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Addressing law issues</h3></div> | <div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Addressing law issues</h3></div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <p>While we were doing adjustments to our design in the lab, our team of jurists also researched how our device could be integrated into society given the current political and economic landscape in France. The use of GMOs, for the environment, food industry or medicine, is highly regulated in France and Europe. It is limited to design animal models of diseases and to produce large quantities of molecules for the pharmaceutical industry. The use of genetically modified bacteria inside the human body is not the subject of specific laws, which made our research on the subject difficult. We focused our research on medical device’s regulation in order to see if our project could be marketed. At first, it appeared almost naturally that our project was a medical device, but as it has to be understood as a legal term, it responds to a specific definition. Working on medical devices’ regulations helped us to better define our project, classify it and analyze our project in the scope of European regulations. We also tried to cover some legal questions related to our project and tried to find answers | + | <p>While we were doing adjustments to our design in the lab, our team of jurists also researched how our device could be integrated into society given the current political and economic landscape in France. The use of GMOs, for the environment, food industry or medicine, is highly regulated in France and Europe. It is limited to design animal models of diseases and to produce large quantities of molecules for the pharmaceutical industry. The use of genetically modified bacteria inside the human body is not the subject of specific laws, which made our research on the subject difficult. We focused our research on the medical device’s regulation in order to see if our project could be marketed. At first, it appeared almost naturally that our project was a medical device, but as it has to be understood as a legal term, it responds to a specific definition. Working on medical devices’ regulations helped us to better define our project, classify it and analyze our project in the scope of European regulations. We also tried to cover some legal questions related to our project and tried to find answers from other legal systems such as the American one.</p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">Interview with Dr. Benjamin Bouyer </h4> | <h4 style="text-align: left;">Interview with Dr. Benjamin Bouyer </h4> | ||
− | <p>Dr. Benjamin Bouyer’s main concern with our project was how we would be incorporating the biofilm inside the patient. Indeed, every implant is given to the surgeon in a sterile way, inside a bag the doctor would not open until the very last moment. He also brought up the issue of our system being 3 in 1. Indeed, our biofilm would be capable of reducing the risk of infection by S. aureus but would also be modified to induce the growth of nerves when needed, all this while conducting a signal. Indeed, our project is focusing on amputated patients, meaning only they would need all the three branches of our system. We reassured him by explaining that our system could also be used only for its inhibition of virulence properties | + | <p>Dr. Benjamin Bouyer’s main concern with our project was how we would be incorporating the biofilm inside the patient. Indeed, every implant is given to the surgeon in a sterile way, inside a bag the doctor would not open until the very last moment. He also brought up the issue of our system being 3 in 1. Indeed, our biofilm would be capable of reducing the risk of infection by S. aureus but would also be modified to induce the growth of nerves when needed, all this while conducting a signal. Indeed, our project is focusing on amputated patients, meaning only they would need all the three branches of our system. We reassured him by explaining that our system could also be used only for its inhibition of virulence properties and that it could be open to every type of patient. He did, however, believe that our project could be useful to many branches of medicine. We also asked him if he would, as a surgeon, use our device if the laws changed about the use of GMOs, and his response was very positive. Indeed, in his opinion, no doctor would reject a system proven to reduce infections. </p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">ICM</h3></div> | <div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">ICM</h3></div> | ||
<div class="block two-third"> | <div class="block two-third"> | ||
− | <p>The “Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière” - ICM (Brain and Spine Institute), is an international brain and spinal cord research center in Paris whose innovative concept and structure make it the only institute of its kind in the world. The ICM brings patients, doctors and researchers together with the aim to develop treatments for disorders of the nervous system and enable patients to benefit from them as quickly as possible. </p> | + | <p>The “Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière” - ICM (Brain and Spine Institute), is an international brain and spinal cord research center in Paris whose innovative concept and structure make it the only institute of its kind in the world. The ICM brings patients, doctors, and researchers together with the aim to develop treatments for disorders of the nervous system and enable patients to benefit from them as quickly as possible. </p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<p><i>Dr. Bernard Zalc is co-leader of the oligodendrocyte development and neurovascular interactions department. He studies oligodendroglial cell development in the embryonic brain and the interactions between neural cells and the cerebral vascular network. </i></p> | <p><i>Dr. Bernard Zalc is co-leader of the oligodendrocyte development and neurovascular interactions department. He studies oligodendroglial cell development in the embryonic brain and the interactions between neural cells and the cerebral vascular network. </i></p> | ||
<p> | <p> | ||
− | Dr. Bernard Zalc facilitated our understanding of the nerve growth and explained to us some issues that we could encounter. He gave us some tips regarding nerve growth and the connection between the nerve and our interface. Indeed, for him other neurotrophins (like BDNF and VEGFA) and chemoattractant molecules are needed in order to attract and direct the growth toward the implanted interface of our system. We exposed to him our experimental approach for the proof of concept and he talked about the importance of the Schwann cells and the myelinization for the conduction. Moreover, he shared contacts which can help us regarding the modeling parts and the prosthesis. | + | Dr. Bernard Zalc facilitated our understanding of the nerve growth and explained to us some issues that we could encounter. He gave us some tips regarding nerve growth and the connection between the nerve and our interface. Indeed, for him, other neurotrophins (like BDNF and VEGFA) and chemoattractant molecules are needed in order to attract and direct the growth toward the implanted interface of our system. We exposed to him our experimental approach for the proof of concept and he talked about the importance of the Schwann cells and the myelinization for the conduction. Moreover, he shared contacts which can help us regarding the modeling parts and the prosthesis. |
</p> | </p> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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<div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">ADEPA</h3></div> | <div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">ADEPA</h3></div> | ||
<div class="block two-third"> | <div class="block two-third"> | ||
− | <p>ADEPA stands for “Association de Défense et d’Etude des Personnes Amputées », which translates to « Association for the Defense and Study of Amputated Persons ». This national association was created in 1996 and aims to unite forces between handicapped people. They | + | <p>ADEPA stands for “Association de Défense et d’Etude des Personnes Amputées », which translates to « Association for the Defense and Study of Amputated Persons ». This national association was created in 1996 and aims to unite forces between handicapped people. They represent the community during ministerial commissions and try to help people in their daily lives with their handicap by giving support and finding solutions. </p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">Interview with Jean-Pascal Hons-Olivier </h4> | <h4 style="text-align: left;">Interview with Jean-Pascal Hons-Olivier </h4> | ||
− | <p>Mr. Jean-Pascal Hons-Olivier gave us great input on the different causes of amputation and the relationship between a patient and his prosthetist. He also allowed us to understand what was the process of getting an implant in France, how someone is living with an amputated limb and also gave his opinion on the different type of prosthesis on the market. He also talked about the type of prosthesis our system would integrate | + | <p>Mr. Jean-Pascal Hons-Olivier gave us great input on the different causes of amputation and the relationship between a patient and his prosthetist. He also allowed us to understand what was the process of getting an implant in France, how someone is living with an amputated limb and also gave his opinion on the different type of prosthesis on the market. He also talked about the type of prosthesis our system would integrate into: osseointegrated prostheses. The type of surgery is currently not taken in charge by the French health care system due to the high risk of infection, and breaking of the bone and the prosthesis, and only one surgeon is doing this type of operation in the country: Dr. Marion Bernard. Mr. Hons-Olivier did raise up some concerns about our project being too innovative since only a few industries in the USA are working on bionic prostheses and this type of surgery costs more around 100 000 euros at the moment. </p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">I-CERAM </h3></div> | <div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">I-CERAM </h3></div> | ||
<div class="block two-third"> | <div class="block two-third"> | ||
− | <p>I-CERAM based in Limoges France, was founded in 2005 and is designing, manufacturing and marketing high-tech implants for various joints of the human body. The marriage of different ceramic materials and processes is one of the main features of the company. Thus, the clinical experience, combined with compressive strength qualities, | + | <p>I-CERAM based in Limoges, France, was founded in 2005 and is designing, manufacturing and marketing high-tech implants for various joints of the human body. The marriage of different ceramic materials and processes is one of the main features of the company. Thus, the clinical experience, combined with compressive strength qualities, osseo-compatibility or decreased friction ceramics are exploited in the design of new implants of the company. The best seller of the company is a ceramic implant charged in antibiotics. </p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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<p><i>Dr. Eric Denes is an infectious diseases specialist at the University Hospital of Limoges and is the scientific director of I-CERAM. Dr. Evelyn Poli is a chemistry research and development engineer and Dr. Christelle Arico is a project manager at I-CERAM. </i></p> | <p><i>Dr. Eric Denes is an infectious diseases specialist at the University Hospital of Limoges and is the scientific director of I-CERAM. Dr. Evelyn Poli is a chemistry research and development engineer and Dr. Christelle Arico is a project manager at I-CERAM. </i></p> | ||
</br> | </br> | ||
− | <p>Dr. Eric Denes as well as Dr. Evelyn Poli and Dr. Christelle were very interested in our project. They are currently designing new materials in ceramic, titanium, and stainless-steel to test the bacterial adhesion on their prostheses. They warned us about the use of metals for the prostheses since S. aureus and P. aeruginosa tend to form biofilms easily on metals rather than on ceramic. They are also using Gentamicin and Vancomycin charged implants to cure infections. Their system does have a long half-life time (4 days) whereas our biofilm could be a longer-term solution. </p> | + | <p>Dr. Eric Denes, as well as Dr. Evelyn Poli and Dr. Christelle, were very interested in our project. They are currently designing new materials in ceramic, titanium, and stainless-steel to test the bacterial adhesion on their prostheses. They warned us about the use of metals for the prostheses since <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> tend to form biofilms easily on metals rather than on ceramic. They are also using Gentamicin and Vancomycin charged implants to cure infections. Their system does have a long half-life time (4 days) whereas our biofilm could be a longer-term solution. </p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block title"> | <div class="block title"> | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <p>IRAMIS is at the Saclay Institute of Matter and Radiation, and is the second institute in size of the CEA Fundamental Research Division. Inside IRAMIS there are projects directly linked to nanoscience for the technology of information and health, interaction between matter, radiation and low-carbon energy applications. </p> | + | <p>IRAMIS is at the Saclay Institute of Matter and Radiation, and is the second institute in size of the CEA Fundamental Research Division. Inside IRAMIS there are projects directly linked to nanoscience for the technology of information and health, the interaction between matter, radiation and low-carbon energy applications. </p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block two-third"> | <div class="block two-third"> | ||
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Interview with Dr. Bernard Geffroy</h4> | <h4 style="text-align: left;">Interview with Dr. Bernard Geffroy</h4> | ||
− | <p>We contacted Dr. Bernard Geffroy to learn more about OLED and to see if we could integrate the technology he is currently working on inside the prosthesis. It could be a way to let the patient know if S. aureus is present at the junction site of its | + | <p>We contacted Dr. Bernard Geffroy to learn more about OLED and to see if we could integrate the technology he is currently working on inside the prosthesis. It could be a way to let the patient know if S. aureus is present at the junction site of its osseointegrated prosthesis. Dr. Bernard Geffroy did go along the sayings of Mr. Jean-Pascal Hons Olivier on our project, mentioning it as being a bit innovative for now on. At first, we wanted to know if he thought the integration of a flexible screen inside the prosthesis, letting the patient know at every moment his/her health data, was possible. Dr. Bernard Geffroy did applaud for our ideas but doesn’t think this technology would be on the market for at least 10 or 20 years. He did redirect our ideas towards the use of OLEDs and color codes and was really interested in the following of our project. </p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
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</br> | </br> | ||
<p>Since NeuronArch is a project directly linked to handicap, we decided to get involved with the Mairie de Paris to make Paris a more accessible town for disabled people by creating new markings and signs in direct connection with the Paralympic games. For this, we contacted the Paris City Hall to make this project in collaboration, especially in preparation for 2024 Paralympics in Paris. </p> | <p>Since NeuronArch is a project directly linked to handicap, we decided to get involved with the Mairie de Paris to make Paris a more accessible town for disabled people by creating new markings and signs in direct connection with the Paralympic games. For this, we contacted the Paris City Hall to make this project in collaboration, especially in preparation for 2024 Paralympics in Paris. </p> | ||
− | <p>First, we contacted Cyril Cartron by phone | + | <p>First, we contacted Cyril Cartron by phone. He was determined to help us. He gave us the contact of Marion Liard, in charge of handicap events. After some emails, she put us in contact with the cabinet of Nicolas Nordman, deputy mayor of the Paris City Hall, responsible for all issues concerning disabled people and their accessibility. This cabinet will contact us for a half-day conciliation meeting, during autumn, to discuss 2024 Paralympics. Thus, we are eager to do this meeting with them! </p> |
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</b></p> | </b></p> | ||
− | <p> To achieve those goals, we had to think | + | <p> To achieve those goals, we had to think about the survey’s framework. For that, we decided to distinguish two types of publics: the general public (children, students, parents…) and health professional. Then, we realized a little “map” of our survey which respects our goals and our different publics. </p> |
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/8/8c/T--Pasteur_Paris--Survey_Framework.png"> | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/8/8c/T--Pasteur_Paris--Survey_Framework.png"> | ||
− | <p> As shown by | + | <p> As shown by the map above, there are <b> two common sections </b>: one at the beginning talking about general questions, synthetic biology, and biofilms for all publics and one at the end of the survey to gather feedbacks and opinion. Then, <b> a section about infections in prostheses, just for health professional </b> who are working in relation with prostheses. Indeed, we decided to limit health professional to those who are in contact with prostheses: orthopaedists, physiotherapists, nurses, students in medicine… This choice enabled us to collect relevant information concerning the project NeuronArch and to achieve the third goal of this survey. |
Besides the distinction between general public and medical professionals, we wanted to make out <b> the different levels of biology </b>. For that, we asked a question concerning science education level. This question helped us to analyze answers about synthetic biology for example. | Besides the distinction between general public and medical professionals, we wanted to make out <b> the different levels of biology </b>. For that, we asked a question concerning science education level. This question helped us to analyze answers about synthetic biology for example. | ||
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- About the age fork | - About the age fork | ||
</br> | </br> | ||
− | - About the infection rate in prosthesis: we discussed with the team and we had comments that mentioned that the question was too | + | - About the infection rate in prosthesis: we discussed with the team and we had comments that mentioned that the question was too confusing. |
Moreover, we received comments about the project and the scientific part. Further to a suggestion in the comments, we thought about developing a way to re-answer making the survey even more interactive. | Moreover, we received comments about the project and the scientific part. Further to a suggestion in the comments, we thought about developing a way to re-answer making the survey even more interactive. | ||
− | This process through trial and error enabled us to improve the survey and obtain relevant answers. Also, this approach helped us | + | This process through trial and error enabled us to improve the survey and obtain relevant answers. Also, this approach helped us with the different analysis: quantitative and qualitative. </p> |
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<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <p>With the first version of our survey, we did not ask details about the scientific background, and especially the background in biology. However, we quickly realized, reading some comments and seeing the first results, that | + | <p>With the first version of our survey, we did not ask details about the scientific background, and especially the background in biology. However, we quickly realized, reading some comments and seeing the first results, that feedback on the survey and on what people understood or already knew was highly related to their background in biology. |
For example, we were surprised at first that some people answered that the survey did not help them to better understand synthetic biology, but in the end, we discovered that some of them had a Ph.D. or were College students in biology. | For example, we were surprised at first that some people answered that the survey did not help them to better understand synthetic biology, but in the end, we discovered that some of them had a Ph.D. or were College students in biology. | ||
</p></div> | </p></div> | ||
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<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <p>Our survey was also a way to present our project to health professionals. Indeed, our survey was | + | <p>Our survey was also a way to present our project to health professionals. Indeed, our survey was composed of 2 parts. One with general questions about synthetic biology and a second one dedicated to the health professionals in contact with amputees. |
Even though this part was hard to fill, as it requires 2 characteristics (working in the field of health; being in contact with amputees), it was very interesting to analyze the answers of persons working in the medical fields and to read their comments. We discovered that there was a real interest in our project. | Even though this part was hard to fill, as it requires 2 characteristics (working in the field of health; being in contact with amputees), it was very interesting to analyze the answers of persons working in the medical fields and to read their comments. We discovered that there was a real interest in our project. | ||
− | + | For example, we asked whether they thought our project was feasible and what they were thinking of our project. On 8 answers, 6 answers were « Yes », 1 answer was « Maybe » and the last comment was a comment on our project « Project that tries to improve a real current problem ». | |
− | We also gathered some information on the percentage of implant related infections, the ways to improve the comfort of the patients who are wearing a | + | We also gathered some information on the percentage of implant-related infections, the ways to improve the comfort of the patients who are wearing a prosthesis and information on how implant-related infections are treated. </p></div> |
<div class="block two-third center"> | <div class="block two-third center"> | ||
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/e/e7/T--Pasteur_Paris--Survey_WaysToTreat.png"></div> | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/e/e7/T--Pasteur_Paris--Survey_WaysToTreat.png"></div> | ||
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<h2>Feedback on our survey</h2></div> | <h2>Feedback on our survey</h2></div> | ||
</br> | </br> | ||
− | <p> | + | <p> The last part of our survey was a feedback on our survey. We wanted to know if it had helped people to understand what synthetic biology is and if our explanations were sufficient. |
We asked questions about the whether or not our survey helped them understanding what synthetic biology is, on the clarity of our explanations and the relevance of our questions. | We asked questions about the whether or not our survey helped them understanding what synthetic biology is, on the clarity of our explanations and the relevance of our questions. | ||
In order to better evaluate the impact of our survey, we wanted people to evaluate their knowledge of synthetic biology before and after answering our survey. </p></div> | In order to better evaluate the impact of our survey, we wanted people to evaluate their knowledge of synthetic biology before and after answering our survey. </p></div> | ||
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<p>What is the most important aspect is that, among those who did not know synthetic biology at all, more than the half of this 14% of people, have a positive evaluation of their knowledge of synthetic biology. Indeed, more than the half gave 4/5 or 5/5 as a grade to the question: <i>Did our survey help you to better understand what synthetic biology is?</i></br> | <p>What is the most important aspect is that, among those who did not know synthetic biology at all, more than the half of this 14% of people, have a positive evaluation of their knowledge of synthetic biology. Indeed, more than the half gave 4/5 or 5/5 as a grade to the question: <i>Did our survey help you to better understand what synthetic biology is?</i></br> | ||
− | Concerning the clarity of our explanations, we asked people to rate it, thanks to a scale going from 1 to 5 (1: explanations lack | + | Concerning the clarity of our explanations, we asked people to rate it, thanks to a scale going from 1 to 5 (1: explanations lack clarity; 5: explanations are very clear).</p></div> |
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/5/52/T--Pasteur_Paris--Survey_Clarity.png"></div> | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/5/52/T--Pasteur_Paris--Survey_Clarity.png"></div> | ||
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« J'ai appris beaucoup d'informations sur le sujet que je ne connaissais pas » (<i>“I have learned a lot of information on a subject I did not know before”</i>) | « J'ai appris beaucoup d'informations sur le sujet que je ne connaissais pas » (<i>“I have learned a lot of information on a subject I did not know before”</i>) | ||
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− | « Merci de m'avoir fait connaître votre projet et j'espère qu'il sera couronné de succès et qu'il pourra servir dans d'autres circonstances (éviter la multirésistance de certains germes, proposer d'autres thérapies ...) » (<i>“Thanks for making me discover your project and I hope it will be successful and that it will useful in other circumstances (avoid multiresistance to some germs, offer other | + | « Merci de m'avoir fait connaître votre projet et j'espère qu'il sera couronné de succès et qu'il pourra servir dans d'autres circonstances (éviter la multirésistance de certains germes, proposer d'autres thérapies ...) » (<i>“Thanks for making me discover your project and I hope it will be successful and that it will be useful in other circumstances (avoid multiresistance to some germs, offer other kinds of therapies…)”</i>) |
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− | « Sujet intéressant, qui pourra, et j'espère améliorer la vie des personnes amputées. Et surtout bon courage et bonne chance à vous. » (“<i>Interesting subject, that will, and I hope, improve life of amputees. Above all good luck</i>”)</p> | + | « Sujet intéressant, qui pourra, et j'espère améliorer la vie des personnes amputées. Et surtout bon courage et bonne chance à vous. » (“<i>Interesting subject, that will, and I hope, improve the life of amputees. Above all good luck</i>”)</p> |
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Revision as of 13:53, 14 October 2018