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<h1 id="Introduction">MEMBRANE</h1> | <h1 id="Introduction">MEMBRANE</h1> | ||
− | <p><i>When manipulating genetically engineered organisms, it is crucial to guarantee the confinement of these organisms. In our case, we want genetically modified bacteria to stay at the interface between the prosthesis and the external organic medium. At the same time, one of the main issues our project wants to tackle is the conduction of the neuron influx to the prosthesis. The answer to these questions came as a double solution: confinement of the bacteria by conductive nanoporous membranes. The membrane’s nanoporosity allows substances produced by our modified biofilm to pass through the membrane, but the bacteria remain confined. We tested the conductivity and biocompatibility of two types of membranes.</i></p></div> | + | <p><i>When manipulating genetically engineered organisms, it is crucial to guarantee the confinement of these organisms. In our case, we want genetically modified bacteria to stay at the interface between the prosthesis and the external organic medium. At the same time, one of the main issues our project wants to tackle is the conduction of the neuron influx to the prosthesis. The answer to these questions came as a double solution: confinement of the bacteria by conductive nanoporous membranes. The membrane’s nanoporosity allows substances produced by our modified biofilm to pass through the membrane, but the bacteria remain confined. We tested the conductivity and biocompatibility of two types of membranes.</i></p> |
+ | </div> | ||
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/d/df/T--Pasteur_Paris--Membrane-intro.png"> | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/d/df/T--Pasteur_Paris--Membrane-intro.png"> | ||
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<p>As seen in the other parts of this wiki, we chose to use a nanoporous membrane in our device. The first goal of the membrane was to confine our biofilm, so it does not escape the prosthesis. Moreover, we also used our membrane as a conductive electrode. This solution was interesting since we didn’t have enough time to develop an entire electrical device which collects and treat the signal of the nerves. However, we know we still need to improve our interface if we want the patient to fully control his prosthesis. That is why we decided to look at what is already made in this field. So, first, we detailed how it is possible to model the electrical characteristics of a nerve. Then, we searched for information on electrodes and signal treatment. </p> | <p>As seen in the other parts of this wiki, we chose to use a nanoporous membrane in our device. The first goal of the membrane was to confine our biofilm, so it does not escape the prosthesis. Moreover, we also used our membrane as a conductive electrode. This solution was interesting since we didn’t have enough time to develop an entire electrical device which collects and treat the signal of the nerves. However, we know we still need to improve our interface if we want the patient to fully control his prosthesis. That is why we decided to look at what is already made in this field. So, first, we detailed how it is possible to model the electrical characteristics of a nerve. Then, we searched for information on electrodes and signal treatment. </p> | ||
+ | <p><i>This section is principaly based on the thesis of Olivier Rossel: Dispositifs de mesure et d’interprétation de l’activité d’un nerf. Electronique. Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. Français. </i></p> | ||
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+ | <div class="block full bothContent"> | ||
+ | <div class="block dropDown" id="Membrane"> | ||
+ | <h4>Nerve modelisation </h4> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <div class="block hiddenContent"> | ||
+ | <span class="closeCross"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/6/67/T--Pasteur_Paris--CloseCross.svg"></span> | ||
+ | <div class="block title" style="margin-top: 35px;"><h3 style="text-align: left;" id="Nerve">Gold-coated membranes</h3></div> | ||
+ | <div class="block full"> | ||
+ | <p>One of the goals of NeuronArch is to use or even develop a neural signal collection solution that is both non-invasive for the nerve and highly selective.In this context, we seek to develop an innovative architecture to significantly improve the selectivity of extraneural electrodes. In order to be able to develop such a solution, we must be able to estimate the electrical potential created on the surface of the nerve by the propagation of transmembrane currents at the level of the axons.</p> | ||
+ | <p>For this study, we are only interested in the myelinated axons present in the peripheral nervous system. There are models to represent the extracellular voltage produced by the passage of an action potential for this type of fiber. The evolution of the extracellular voltage in the space separating two nodes of Ranvier can be described by these models.</p> | ||
+ | <p>First, we are going to detail the physiological characteristics of the human nervous system. Then, we are going to modelize the electrical currents of an axon. Finally, we will estimate the influence of such currents at the surface of a nerve and modelize an entire nerve. </p> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <div class="block title"><h1>I. physiological characteristics of the human nervous system<sup>[1]</sup></h1></div> | ||
+ | <div class="block full"> | ||
+ | <p>The nervous system is divided in two different parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). We will be focused on the peripheral nervous system as it transports the informations between the organs and the nervous system. Moreover, it includes the somatic nervous system which consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerves. Afferent nerves are responsible for relaying sensation from the body to the central nervous system; efferent nerves are responsible for sending out commands from the CNS to the body, stimulating muscle contraction; they include all the non-sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin. Generally the fibers of the somatic nervous system have a insulating sheath called myelin sheath.</p> | ||
+ | <img src=""> | ||
+ | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 1: </b>Structure of nerves<sup>[2]</sup></div> | ||
+ | <p>Nerve fibers, consisting of axons and associated Schwann cells are grouped together in fascicles, sheathed by the perineurium. This one is constituted of layers of perineural cells. About half of the fascicular surface is occupied by the fibers, the rest is composed of the endoneurium which partitions the inside of the fascicle into several groups of nerve fibers which will then form new fascicles.</p> | ||
+ | <p>The fascicles are finally contained in an isolar connective tissue called epineurium containing fibroblasts, collagen and fat in different proportions. This envelope participates in the fixation of the nerve on the surrounding structures. It contains the lymphatic and vascular network which crosses the perineurium to communicate with the network of arterioles and venules of the endoneurium. The epineurium constitutes 30 to 70% of the total area section of a nerve.</p> | ||
+ | <p>The fascicular architecture is ordered only distally, close to the emergence of a nerve trunk.Going up to the proximal part, the fascicles divide and some fibers change their fascicle, the size of the fascicles decreases and their number increases. An orderly organization relative to the target organ is found only in the final branches that innervate a muscle, a group of muscles or sensory receptors.</p> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <div class="block title"><h1>II. Propagation of nerve impulses:</h1></div> | ||
+ | <div class="block full"> | ||
+ | <p>The nerve impulse is initiated by action potentials that are created by successive openings and closings of the ion channels. The membrane current due to ionic flux creates an electric field in the nerve that produces a potential difference outside the nerve called extracellular voltage. It is this extracellular voltage that a measuring electrode will perceive. For a myelinated axon these ionic currents appear only at the nodes of Ranvier.</p> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <div class="block title"><h1>III. Modelisation of the currents of a axon’s membrane</h1></div> | ||
+ | <div class="block full"> | ||
+ | <p>Although our objective is the calculation of the extracellular action potential, it is necessary to know the currents produced at the level of an axon. </p> | ||
+ | <p>From an electrical point of view, the myelin sheath of the axon acts as an insulator, preventing the appearance of transmembrane currents elsewhere than at Ranvier's nodes. In fact, seen from the outside of the axon, the action potential seems to jump from one node of Ranvier to the other. Let us now consider how to model this propagation, in order to extract the transmembrane currents at the nodes of Ranvier.</p> | ||
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<div class="block full bothContent"> | <div class="block full bothContent"> | ||
<div class="block dropDown" id="Electrodes"> | <div class="block dropDown" id="Electrodes"> |
Revision as of 08:41, 16 October 2018
MEMBRANE
When manipulating genetically engineered organisms, it is crucial to guarantee the confinement of these organisms. In our case, we want genetically modified bacteria to stay at the interface between the prosthesis and the external organic medium. At the same time, one of the main issues our project wants to tackle is the conduction of the neuron influx to the prosthesis. The answer to these questions came as a double solution: confinement of the bacteria by conductive nanoporous membranes. The membrane’s nanoporosity allows substances produced by our modified biofilm to pass through the membrane, but the bacteria remain confined. We tested the conductivity and biocompatibility of two types of membranes.
Membrane
Nerve modelisation
As seen in the other parts of this wiki, we chose to use a nanoporous membrane in our device. The first goal of the membrane was to confine our biofilm, so it does not escape the prosthesis. Moreover, we also used our membrane as a conductive electrode. This solution was interesting since we didn’t have enough time to develop an entire electrical device which collects and treat the signal of the nerves. However, we know we still need to improve our interface if we want the patient to fully control his prosthesis. That is why we decided to look at what is already made in this field. So, first, we detailed how it is possible to model the electrical characteristics of a nerve. Then, we searched for information on electrodes and signal treatment.
This section is principaly based on the thesis of Olivier Rossel: Dispositifs de mesure et d’interprétation de l’activité d’un nerf. Electronique. Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. Français.