(13 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) | |||
Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
} | } | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
</style> | </style> | ||
<div id="bannerchanged"> | <div id="bannerchanged"> | ||
− | <img class="banner-img" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/ | + | <img class="banner-img" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/1/18/T--Pasteur_Paris--Banner_Membrane2.jpg"> |
</div> | </div> | ||
Line 70: | Line 67: | ||
<div class="block title" style="margin-top: 35px;"><h3 style="text-align: left;" id="Gold">Gold-coated membranes</h3></div> | <div class="block title" style="margin-top: 35px;"><h3 style="text-align: left;" id="Gold">Gold-coated membranes</h3></div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <p>Sterlitech Polycarbonate Gold-Coated Membrane Filters | + | <p>Sterlitech Polycarbonate Gold-Coated Membrane Filters represented one of the types of membranes we tested. The pores have a diameter of 0.4 micrometer, which is small enough to confine <i> Escherichia coli </i> bacteria, which diameter and size are respectively about 1 micrometer and 2 micrometers. These membranes were relatively easy to manipulate with a forceps because of their high flexibility. Scanning electron microscopy by courtesy of Bruno Bresson, Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle |
+ | Physico-chimie des Polymères et Milieux Dispersés).</p> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block half"> | <div class="block half"> | ||
Line 78: | Line 76: | ||
<div class="block half"> | <div class="block half"> | ||
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/1/15/T--Pasteur_Paris--Gold-membrane-micro.jpg"> | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/1/15/T--Pasteur_Paris--Gold-membrane-micro.jpg"> | ||
− | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 3: </b>Gold-Coated Membrane | + | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 3: </b>Gold-Coated Membrane </div> |
</div> | </div> | ||
Line 87: | Line 85: | ||
<div class="block half"> | <div class="block half"> | ||
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/8/83/T--Pasteur_Paris--Alumina-oxide-membrane.jpg"> | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/8/83/T--Pasteur_Paris--Alumina-oxide-membrane.jpg"> | ||
− | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 4: </b> | + | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 4: </b>Alumina Oxyde Membrane in grey</div> |
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block half"> | <div class="block half"> | ||
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/f7/T--Pasteur_Paris--Alumina-oxide-membrane-micro.jpg"> | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/f7/T--Pasteur_Paris--Alumina-oxide-membrane-micro.jpg"> | ||
− | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 5: </b> | + | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 5: </b>Alumina Oxyde Membrane (electron microscope)</div> |
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <p>For PEDOT:PSS, an aqueous solution of PEDOT:PSS was prepared | + | <p>For PEDOT:PSS, an aqueous solution of PEDOT:PSS was prepared<sup>[1]</sup> and alumina oxide membranes were dipped for 24 hours in this solution. Electron microscopy of the membranes before and after the experiment showed the deposit of a substance on their surface in a cluster-like fashion, indicating an incomplete coating.</p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block half"> | <div class="block half"> | ||
Line 105: | Line 103: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <p>Vapor-phase polymerization of PEDOT:Cl and PEDOT:Ts | + | <p>Vapor-phase polymerization of PEDOT:Cl and PEDOT:Ts<sup>[2]</sup> also induced a change in the surface of the membranes, in a more uniform way. The surface of the membrane seems to have thickened, but without blocking the pores either, which makes for a high quality homogenous coating.</p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block half"> | <div class="block half"> | ||
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/5/5c/T--Pasteur_Paris--PEDOT-membrane.jpg"> | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/5/5c/T--Pasteur_Paris--PEDOT-membrane.jpg"> | ||
− | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 8: </b>PEDOT: | + | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 8: </b>PEDOT:Ts (left) / PEDOT:Cl (right) - coated membranes</div> |
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block half"> | <div class="block half"> | ||
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/0/05/T--Pasteur_Paris--PEDOT-membrane-micro.jpg"> | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/0/05/T--Pasteur_Paris--PEDOT-membrane-micro.jpg"> | ||
− | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 9: </b>PEDOT: | + | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 9: </b>PEDOT:Cl-coated membrane (electron microscope)</div> |
</div> | </div> | ||
+ | <div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;" id="Confinement">Confinement</h3></div> | ||
+ | <div class="block full"> | ||
+ | <p>The first issue to tackle was the confinement of the bacteria. For this purpose, we used microfluidic chips. Microfluidic chips are patterns molded in PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), which can be used to design tiny circuits for liquid flow. We used Institut Curie's design of a microfluidic chip, which has 2 chambers connected by microchannels of 5 micrometers width and 2 micrometers height. We enhanced the design by integrating a membrane filter (gold-coated) to prevent bacteria to pass from one chamber to another. As this technique was quite improvised and new, we didn't had access to the needed equipement for better precision work, leading to many chips being leaky. We managed to conduct an experiment were the chip did not leak and the filter succesfully retained the bacteria introduced in the chip. </p> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
− | |||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | < | + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/fd/T--Pasteur_Paris--Test-Filtre-2.jpg"> |
+ | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 10: </b>Membrane filter retaining bacteria on the left (PDMS impurities on the right)</div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <div class="block separator-mark"></div> | ||
<div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;" id="Conductivity">Conductivity</h3></div> | <div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;" id="Conductivity">Conductivity</h3></div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <p>The second criterion for a fully functional interface is its ability to conduct a neuron’s influx. Thus, conductivity measurements were made for | + | <p>The second criterion for a fully functional interface is its ability to conduct a neuron’s influx. Thus, conductivity measurements were made for different types of membranes. Results indicated that bare alumina oxide and PEDOT:PSS-coated membranes showed similar conductivities, indicating the incomplete coating of PEDOT:PSS on alumina oxide membranes. On the opposite, PEDOT:Cl and PEDOT:Ts exhibit on average better conductivities, but in the same time, the coating of these membranes revealed by electron microscopy seemed to have covered the alumina oxide membranes in a more uniform way, ensuring enhanced conductive capabilities . These results can be criticized because of the high deviation and because the membranes conductivity was measured after several biofilms were grown on them, which may have affected the measurements. </p> |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <div class="block full"> | ||
+ | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/5/50/T--Pasteur_Paris--Membrane-Conductivity.jpg" style="width:500px"> | ||
+ | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 11: </b>Membrane conductivity</div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | |||
<div class="block separator-mark"></div> | <div class="block separator-mark"></div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;" id="Biocompatibility">Biocompatibility</h3></div> | ||
+ | <div class="block full"> | ||
+ | <p> One last important property of the membranes is the capability of bacteria to form a biofilm on them, as in our prosthesis system, the membrane is going to be directly in contact with the genetically modified biofilm, as well as the human body. We conducted multiple series of biofilm culture on special culture wells designed by our team. Biofilm growth was measured for each type of membrane.</p> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | <div class="block full"> | ||
+ | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/8/84/T--Pasteur_Paris--Biofilm-Growth.jpg" style="width:500px"> | ||
+ | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 12: </b>Biofilm growth</div> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <div class="block separator-mark"></div> | ||
+ | |||
<div class="block title"><h1>CONCLUSION</h1></div> | <div class="block title"><h1>CONCLUSION</h1></div> | ||
Line 135: | Line 159: | ||
<div class="block title"><h1>REFERENCES</h1></div> | <div class="block title"><h1>REFERENCES</h1></div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <ul style="text-align: left;"> | + | <ul style="text-align: left;list-style: disc;"> |
<li style="list-style-type: decimal;">Jikui Wang, Guofeng Cai, Xudong Zhu, Xiaping Zhou, Oxidative Chemical Polymerization of 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene and its Applications in Antistatic coatings, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2012, Vol. 124, 109-115 .<br><br></li> | <li style="list-style-type: decimal;">Jikui Wang, Guofeng Cai, Xudong Zhu, Xiaping Zhou, Oxidative Chemical Polymerization of 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene and its Applications in Antistatic coatings, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2012, Vol. 124, 109-115 .<br><br></li> | ||
<li style="list-style-type: decimal;">Alexis E. Abelow, Kristin M. Persson, Edwin W.H. Jager, Magnus Berggren, Ilya Zharov, Electroresponsive Nanoporous Membranes by Coating Anodized Alumina with Poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) and Polypyrrole. 2014, 299, 190-197.<br><br></li> | <li style="list-style-type: decimal;">Alexis E. Abelow, Kristin M. Persson, Edwin W.H. Jager, Magnus Berggren, Ilya Zharov, Electroresponsive Nanoporous Membranes by Coating Anodized Alumina with Poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene) and Polypyrrole. 2014, 299, 190-197.<br><br></li> | ||
Line 165: | Line 189: | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
<p>As seen in the other parts of this wiki, we chose to use a nanoporous membrane in our device. The first goal of the membrane was to confine our biofilm, so it does not escape the prosthesis. Moreover, we also used our membrane as a conductive electrode. This solution was interesting since we didn’t have enough time to develop an entire electrical device which collects and treat the signal of the nerves. However, we know we still need to improve our interface if we want the patient to fully control his prosthesis. That is why we decided to look at what is already made in this field. So, first, we detailed how it is possible to model the electrical characteristics of a nerve. Then, we searched for information on electrodes and signal treatment. </p> | <p>As seen in the other parts of this wiki, we chose to use a nanoporous membrane in our device. The first goal of the membrane was to confine our biofilm, so it does not escape the prosthesis. Moreover, we also used our membrane as a conductive electrode. This solution was interesting since we didn’t have enough time to develop an entire electrical device which collects and treat the signal of the nerves. However, we know we still need to improve our interface if we want the patient to fully control his prosthesis. That is why we decided to look at what is already made in this field. So, first, we detailed how it is possible to model the electrical characteristics of a nerve. Then, we searched for information on electrodes and signal treatment. </p> | ||
− | <p><i>This section is | + | <p><i>This section is principally based on the thesis of Olivier Rossel: Dispositifs de measure et d’interprétation de l’activité d’un nerf. Electronique. Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. Français. </i></p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
Line 195: | Line 219: | ||
<div class="block title"><h1>I. physiological characteristics of the human nervous system<sup>[1]</sup></h1></div> | <div class="block title"><h1>I. physiological characteristics of the human nervous system<sup>[1]</sup></h1></div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <p>The nervous system is divided | + | <p>The nervous system is divided into two different parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). We will focus on the peripheral nervous system as it transports the information between the rest of the body and the central nervous system. Moreover, it includes the somatic nervous system which consists of afferent nerves, also called sensory nerves, and efferent nerves also called motor nerves. Afferent nerves are responsible for relaying sensation from the body to the central nervous system; efferent nerves are responsible for sending out commands from the CNS to the body, stimulating muscle contraction; they include all the non-sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin. Generally, the fibers of the somatic nervous system have an insulating sheath called a myelin sheath.</p> |
− | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/ | + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/2/27/T--Pasteur_Paris--InterfaceNerveFigure1_1.jpg" style="width:300px"> |
− | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 1: </b>Structure of nerves<sup>[2]</sup></div> | + | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 1: </b>Structure of nerves, based on<sup>[2]</sup></div> |
− | <p>Nerve fibers, consisting of axons and associated Schwann cells are grouped together in fascicles, sheathed by the perineurium (Cf. Figure 1). It is composed of layers of perineural cells. About half of the fascicular surface is occupied by the fibers, the rest is composed of the endoneurium which | + | <p>Nerve fibers, consisting of axons and associated Schwann cells are grouped together in fascicles, sheathed by the perineurium (Cf. Figure 1). It is composed of layers of perineural cells. About half of the fascicular surface is occupied by the fibers, the rest is composed of the endoneurium which segments the inside of the fascicle into several groups of nerve fibers which will then form new fascicles.</p> |
− | <p>The fascicles are contained in an isolated connective tissue called the epineurium that contains fibroblasts, collagen and fat in different proportions. This envelope allows the fixation of the nerve on the surrounding structures. It contains the lymphatic and vascular network which crosses the perineurium to communicate with the network of arterioles and venula of the endoneurium. The epineurium constitutes 30 to 70% of the total area of a nerve.</p> | + | <p>The fascicles are contained in an isolated connective tissue called the epineurium that contains fibroblasts, collagen, and fat in different proportions. This envelope allows the fixation of the nerve on the surrounding structures. It contains the lymphatic and vascular network which crosses the perineurium to communicate with the network of arterioles and venula of the endoneurium. The epineurium constitutes 30 to 70% of the total area of a nerve.</p> |
<p>The fascicular architecture is ordered only distally, close to the emergence of a nerve trunk. Going up to the proximal part, fascicles divide and some fibers change their fascicles, the size of the fascicles decreases and their number increases. An orderly organization relative to the target organ is found only in the final branches that innervate a muscle, a group of muscles or sensory receptors.</p> | <p>The fascicular architecture is ordered only distally, close to the emergence of a nerve trunk. Going up to the proximal part, fascicles divide and some fibers change their fascicles, the size of the fascicles decreases and their number increases. An orderly organization relative to the target organ is found only in the final branches that innervate a muscle, a group of muscles or sensory receptors.</p> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
Line 232: | Line 256: | ||
<div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">1. Introduction </h3></div> | <div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">1. Introduction </h3></div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <p>The purpose of this part is to know the potential “seen” by an electrode wrapped around the nerve. For this we will study the extracellular potential at the surface of the nerve by considering an axon parallel to the longitudinal | + | <p>The purpose of this part is to know the potential “seen” by an electrode wrapped around the nerve. For this, we will study the extracellular potential at the surface of the nerve by considering an axon parallel to the longitudinal axis of the nerve. Each Ranvier node is considered as a point current source. To estimate the potential at a point M at the periphery of the nerve, it is necessary to determine a transfer function linking this potential to each of the transmembrane currents of the axon. The simulation of the membrane current of the axone we developed previously is used as the input of the nerve model.</p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">2. Medium transfer function </h3></div> | <div class="block title"><h3 style="text-align: left;">2. Medium transfer function </h3></div> | ||
Line 245: | Line 269: | ||
<p>From this expression, it is possible to determine the "spatial" transfer function h2(z). To do this, it suffices to calculate the inverse Fourier transform of H<FONT face="Raleway">ω</FONT>2, which is done numerically as it can not be practiced analytically <sup>[4]</sup>. The behavior of these two views of the transfer function is shown in Figure 8 for two reference distances <FONT face="Raleway">ρ</FONT>0 between the observation point M and the axon.</p> | <p>From this expression, it is possible to determine the "spatial" transfer function h2(z). To do this, it suffices to calculate the inverse Fourier transform of H<FONT face="Raleway">ω</FONT>2, which is done numerically as it can not be practiced analytically <sup>[4]</sup>. The behavior of these two views of the transfer function is shown in Figure 8 for two reference distances <FONT face="Raleway">ρ</FONT>0 between the observation point M and the axon.</p> | ||
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/d/dc/T--Pasteur_Paris--InterfaceNerveFigure8.jpg" style="width:400px"> | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/d/dc/T--Pasteur_Paris--InterfaceNerveFigure8.jpg" style="width:400px"> | ||
− | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 8: </b>Spatial transfer function h2(z) and space-frequency H2(k) of the nonhomogeneous and anisotropic medium for two distances <FONT face="Raleway">ρ</FONT>0 = 200 and 500 <FONT face="Raleway">μ</FONT>m between the observation point and the axon (depth of the axon in the nerve).<sup>[ | + | <div class="legend"><b>Figure 8: </b>Spatial transfer function h2(z) and space-frequency H2(k) of the nonhomogeneous and anisotropic medium for two distances <FONT face="Raleway">ρ</FONT>0 = 200 and 500 <FONT face="Raleway">μ</FONT>m between the observation point and the axon (depth of the axon in the nerve).<sup>[4]</sup></div> |
<p>It is of course possible to go from the nonhomogeneous and anisotropic model to the homogeneous isotropic model by considering in the nonhomogeneous and anisotropic model that the conductivities of the media are equal to each other and that the perineurium is infinite. It is clear that the nonhomogeneous and anisotropic model is more realistic but the two models give relatively close medium transfer function variation trends.</p> | <p>It is of course possible to go from the nonhomogeneous and anisotropic model to the homogeneous isotropic model by considering in the nonhomogeneous and anisotropic model that the conductivities of the media are equal to each other and that the perineurium is infinite. It is clear that the nonhomogeneous and anisotropic model is more realistic but the two models give relatively close medium transfer function variation trends.</p> | ||
<p>We have described the two models in order to calculate the potential extracellular created by the presence of nodal currents generated at Ranvier nodes. This extracellular potential at a point M and at a time t can be expressed as the convolution product in the spatial domain between the nodal current i(z, t) and the transfer function of the medium h(z)<sup>[4]</sup>:</p> | <p>We have described the two models in order to calculate the potential extracellular created by the presence of nodal currents generated at Ranvier nodes. This extracellular potential at a point M and at a time t can be expressed as the convolution product in the spatial domain between the nodal current i(z, t) and the transfer function of the medium h(z)<sup>[4]</sup>:</p> | ||
Line 274: | Line 298: | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
<p>The neural information is coded by the frequency of the impulses of the action potentials and the number of fibers recruited. The shape and amplitude of the action potentials collected do not convey any neural information but only information on the distance where the nerve fiber is located in the nerve.</p> | <p>The neural information is coded by the frequency of the impulses of the action potentials and the number of fibers recruited. The shape and amplitude of the action potentials collected do not convey any neural information but only information on the distance where the nerve fiber is located in the nerve.</p> | ||
− | <p>In the same nerve, several types of information transit. The nerve carries efferent neuronal signals, from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system, which | + | <p>In the same nerve, several types of information transit. The nerve carries efferent neuronal signals, from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system, which regulates and control the body's natural functions through muscle recruitment. But nerves also carry information from natural sensors (mechanoreceptors, proprioceptive, etc.) and transiting to the central nervous system by activation of the afferent nerve fibers. Generally, muscle recruitment and sensory fiber activation are not coded in the same way.</p> |
− | <p>In the case of motor or efferent fibers, the number of active motor units as well as their discharge frequencies vary at the same time as the force produced by the muscle<sup>[10]</sup>.</p> | + | <p>In the case of motor or efferent fibers, the number of active motor units, as well as their discharge frequencies, vary at the same time as the force produced by the muscle<sup>[10]</sup>.</p> |
</div> | </div> | ||
<div class="block separator-mark"></div> | <div class="block separator-mark"></div> | ||
Line 286: | Line 310: | ||
<div class="block title"><h1>REFERENCES</h1></div> | <div class="block title"><h1>REFERENCES</h1></div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <ul style="text-align: left;"> | + | <ul style="text-align: left;list-style: disc;"> |
<li style="list-style-type: decimal;">Rigoard, P., Buffenoir, K., Wager, M., Bauche, S., Giot, J.-P., Robert, R., and Lapierre, F. (2009). Organisation anatomique et physiologique du nerf périphérique. /data/revues/00283770/v55sS1/S0028377008004025/.<br><br></li> | <li style="list-style-type: decimal;">Rigoard, P., Buffenoir, K., Wager, M., Bauche, S., Giot, J.-P., Robert, R., and Lapierre, F. (2009). Organisation anatomique et physiologique du nerf périphérique. /data/revues/00283770/v55sS1/S0028377008004025/.<br><br></li> | ||
<li style="list-style-type: decimal;"> https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter-11-nervous-system-ii-divisions-of-the-nervous-system/deck/8819508 <br><br></li> | <li style="list-style-type: decimal;"> https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/chapter-11-nervous-system-ii-divisions-of-the-nervous-system/deck/8819508 <br><br></li> | ||
Line 453: | Line 477: | ||
<div class="block title"><h1>References</h1></div> | <div class="block title"><h1>References</h1></div> | ||
<div class="block full"> | <div class="block full"> | ||
− | <ul style="text-align: left;" | + | <ul style="text-align: left; list-style: disc;"> |
− | + | ||
<li style="list-style-type: decimal;">MicroProbes for Life Sciences, « Nerve Cuff Electrodes ». Retrieved Oct. 14th, 2018 from https://microprobes.com/products/peripheral-electrodes/nerve-cuff</li> | <li style="list-style-type: decimal;">MicroProbes for Life Sciences, « Nerve Cuff Electrodes ». Retrieved Oct. 14th, 2018 from https://microprobes.com/products/peripheral-electrodes/nerve-cuff</li> | ||
Line 484: | Line 507: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
+ | </div> | ||
</html> | </html> |
Latest revision as of 14:49, 10 November 2018
Membrane
When manipulating genetically engineered organisms, it is crucial to guarantee the confinement of these organisms. In our case, we want genetically modified bacteria to stay at the interface between the prosthesis and the external organic medium. At the same time, one of the main issues our project wants to tackle is the conduction of the neuron influx to the prosthesis. The answer to these questions came as a double solution: confinement of the bacteria by conductive nanoporous membranes. The membrane’s nanoporosity allows substances produced by our modified biofilm to pass through the membrane, but the bacteria remain confined. We tested the conductivity and biocompatibility of two types of membranes.
Membrane
Nerve and electrodes
As seen in the other parts of this wiki, we chose to use a nanoporous membrane in our device. The first goal of the membrane was to confine our biofilm, so it does not escape the prosthesis. Moreover, we also used our membrane as a conductive electrode. This solution was interesting since we didn’t have enough time to develop an entire electrical device which collects and treat the signal of the nerves. However, we know we still need to improve our interface if we want the patient to fully control his prosthesis. That is why we decided to look at what is already made in this field. So, first, we detailed how it is possible to model the electrical characteristics of a nerve. Then, we searched for information on electrodes and signal treatment.
This section is principally based on the thesis of Olivier Rossel: Dispositifs de measure et d’interprétation de l’activité d’un nerf. Electronique. Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. Français.