Description

Along with the explosive development of information technology, increasing reliance of human beings on information has made it become one of the most important issues. Data storage and transfer systems, as key components of the information technology, are frequently under attack. Nowadays, online storage and transfer systems have brought us great convenience; however, because of their sharing properties, these systems are very vulnerable to cyber attacks. As a consequence, the data deposited in and transferred via these systems can be stolen, tampered or even destroyed completely. To avoid these, people have started looking for more safe ways of storing and transferring message. Bio-encryption can be a potential solution. The concept of storing messages in DNA molecules was proposed and published in the 1960s by the Soviet physicist Mikhail Samoilovich Neiman. He came up with the idea that digtial data can be stored in base sequence of DNA. With the arrival of molecular biology era, scientists have realized that DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is more than a biological molecule carrying genetic information. Its inherently large-scale parallelism, ultra-low energy consumption and ultra-high-density storage capacity made DNA a promising medium for data storage and encryption. Particularly, DNA cryptography can be a potential alternate to the traditional cryptosystems. Obviously, DNA cryptography is immune to cyber attacks because of its distinctive principle of encryption. Based on these properties, we, NEFU 2018 iGEM team, have developed a multilevel bioencryption DNA-based information storage and transmission system with multiple digital and biosecurity layers, including modules of security encryption, DNA sequence conversion and message integration. We expect our system will be capable of efficiently preventing anyone without our authorization from getting access to the data encrypted biologically.
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1. So far, the national trends in costs for wages, salaries, and benefits have glossed over these concerns. The growth in labor costs continued to slow in the second quarter - a pattern that held true in all major regions. However, the slowdown in labor costs is due solely to sharp cutbacks in what companies, mainly large corporations, are paying for benefits, which make up about a fourth of total compensation costs nationally. Because of slower growth in health care costs, workers' compensation, and state unemployment insurance, benefits grew only 2.6% during the past year, the lowest pace on record.
2. So far, the national trends in costs for wages, salaries, and benefits have glossed over these concerns. The growth in labor costs continued to slow in the second quarter - a pattern that held true in all major regions. However, the slowdown in labor costs is due solely to sharp cutbacks in what companies, mainly large corporations, are paying for benefits, which make up about a fourth of total compensation costs nationally. Because of slower growth in health care costs, workers' compensation, and state unemployment insurance, benefits grew only 2.6% during the past year, the lowest pace on record.

The Japanese have their electronics, the Germans their engineering. But when it comes to command of global markets, the U.S. owns the service sector.

Figure 1: This is Figure 1.

So far, the national trends in costs for wages, salaries, and benefits have glossed over these concerns. The growth in labor costs continued to slow in the second quarter - a pattern that held true in all major regions. However, the slowdown in labor costs is due solely to sharp cutbacks in what companies, mainly large corporations, are paying for benefits, which make up about a fourth of total compensation costs nationally. Because of slower growth in health care costs, workers' compensation, and state unemployment insurance, benefits grew only 2.6% during the past year, the lowest pace on record.

Description first title

So far, the national trends in costs for wages, salaries, and benefits have glossed over these concerns. The growth in labor costs continued to slow in the second quarter - a pattern that held true in all major regions. However, the slowdown in labor costs is due solely to sharp cutbacks in what companies, mainly large corporations, are paying for benefits, which make up about a fourth of total compensation costs nationally. Because of slower growth in health care costs, workers' compensation, and state unemployment insurance, benefits grew only 2.6% during the past year, the lowest pace on record.

So far, the national trends in costs for wages, salaries, and benefits have glossed over these concerns. The growth in labor costs continued to slow in the second quarter - a pattern that held true in all major regions. However, the slowdown in labor costs is due solely to sharp cutbacks in what companies, mainly large corporations, are paying for benefits, which make up about a fourth of total compensation costs nationally. Because of slower growth in health care costs, workers' compensation, and state unemployment insurance, benefits grew only 2.6% during the past year, the lowest pace on record. So far, the national trends in costs for wages, salaries, and benefits have glossed over these concerns. The growth in labor costs continued to slow in the second quarter - a pattern that held true in all major regions. However, the slowdown in labor costs is due solely to sharp cutbacks in what companies, mainly large corporations, are paying for benefits, which make up about a fourth of total compensation costs nationally. Because of slower growth in health care costs, workers' compensation, and state unemployment insurance, benefits grew only 2.6% during the past year, the lowest pace on record.

Figure 2: This is Figure 2.

The Japanese have their electronics, the Germans their engineering. But when it comes to command of global markets, the U.S. owns the service sector.

Reference

[1] Pu, Jinyue and Zinkus-Boltz, Julia and Dickinson, Bryan C. (2017) Evolution of a split RNA polymerase as a versatile biosensor platform. Nat Chem Biol 13 , 432-438
[2] Pu, Jinyue and Zinkus-Boltz, Julia and Dickinson, Bryan C. (2017) Evolution of a split RNA polymerase as a versatile biosensor platform. Nat Chem Biol 13 , 432-438
[3] Pu, Jinyue and Zinkus-Boltz, Julia and Dickinson, Bryan C. (2017) Evolution of a split RNA polymerase as a versatile biosensor platform. Nat Chem Biol 13 , 432-438
[4] Pu, Jinyue and Zinkus-Boltz, Julia and Dickinson, Bryan C. (2017) Evolution of a split RNA polymerase as a versatile biosensor platform. Nat Chem Biol 13 , 432-438
[5] Pu, Jinyue and Zinkus-Boltz, Julia and Dickinson, Bryan C. (2017) Evolution of a split RNA polymerase as a versatile biosensor platform. Nat Chem Biol 13 , 432-438
[6] Pu, Jinyue and Zinkus-Boltz, Julia and Dickinson, Bryan C. (2017) Evolution of a split RNA polymerase as a versatile biosensor platform. Nat Chem Biol 13 , 432-438 s