Difference between revisions of "Team:Grenoble-Alpes/phage lysis"

Line 95: Line 95:
 
<p>The first main step in our system is the lysis of bacteria by bacteriophages. This step is decisive for all the rest of the system. In fact this step allows the release of DNA in the medium by lysing the specific bacteria. It is this specific DNA that will be extracted, digested and detected by our plasmid probes. So if the DNA released hybridize to the probes, it gives two essential information:</p>
 
<p>The first main step in our system is the lysis of bacteria by bacteriophages. This step is decisive for all the rest of the system. In fact this step allows the release of DNA in the medium by lysing the specific bacteria. It is this specific DNA that will be extracted, digested and detected by our plasmid probes. So if the DNA released hybridize to the probes, it gives two essential information:</p>
 
<br><p>
 
<br><p>
−
- Which bacterial species are present in the patient sample.
+
- Which bacterial species are present in the patient sample.</p><p>
 
- What are the best bacteriophages capable of infecting this bacteria, and thus, treating the patient.</p>
 
- What are the best bacteriophages capable of infecting this bacteria, and thus, treating the patient.</p>
 
<br>
 
<br>
Line 104: Line 104:
  
 
<p>However, be careful: some bacteriophages are not just able to lyse bacteria. Indeed, as you see in Figure 1, two types of infection cycles are distinguished: </p><p>
 
<p>However, be careful: some bacteriophages are not just able to lyse bacteria. Indeed, as you see in Figure 1, two types of infection cycles are distinguished: </p><p>
−
1) Lytic cycle: the bacteriophage, once inside the bacterial host, uses the machinery of the infected cell to replicate, releasing a great number of new virions after a bacterial burst (in red in Figure 1).</p><p>
+
1) <u>Lytic cycle:</u> the bacteriophage, once inside the bacterial host, uses the machinery of the infected cell to replicate, releasing a great number of new virions after a bacterial burst (in red in Figure 1).</p><p>
−
2) Lysogenic cycle: the bacteriophage, once inside the bacterial host, integrates its DNA to the host DNA and becomes a prophage able to transmit itself to the descendants (in blue in Figure 1).</p>
+
2) <u>Lysogenic cycle:</u> the bacteriophage, once inside the bacterial host, integrates its DNA to the host DNA and becomes a prophage able to transmit itself to the descendants (in blue in Figure 1).</p>
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
<h3><font color="yellow">Titre</font></h3>
+
−
<br><p>
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
<p>Blablabla encore.</p>
+
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
<br><p>
 
  
−
BLBLBL </p><p>
+
<figure><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/e/e9/T--Grenoble-Alpes--select_figure4.png"><figcaption>Figure 1: Infection cycles of bacteriophages  </figcaption></figure>
  
−
BLBLBLBLBL</p><p>
 
−
BLBLBLBLBLBLBLBL</p><p>
 
−
 
−
BLBLBLBLBLBLBLBLBLBLBLBL</p>
 
 
<br>
 
<br>
 +
<h3><font size="4"><font color="FCBE11">About bacteriophages</font></font></h3>
 +
Lytic bacteriophages, as their name suggests, destroy the bacteria. They divert the bacterial machinery to their advantage to reproduce and multiply.
 +
Indeed, bacteriophages, unable to reproduce by their own means, inject their genetic material into host bacteria (red 1. in the Figure 1). Thanks to the enzymes and ribosomes of the host, the viral genome can be replicated and translated to form many copies (red 3. in the Fig. 1). At the end of the process, the bacteria burst and
 +
dozens or even hundreds new bacteriophages - identical to the original - are released in the medium and therefore available to attack other bacteria of the same species (red 4. in the Fig. 1). True “professional killers”, lytic bacteriophages are the natural predators of bacteria. It is precisely these lytic bacteriophages that are used for therapeutic purposes to fight against bacterial infections (bacteriophage therapy). For example, in Russia, bacteriophages are used to treat foot infections in patients with type 2 diabetes, known as diabetic foot ulcers and may cause amputation ; as described in the scientific article Bacteriophage Treatment of Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers by scientists of the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. Thereby, we also use lytic bacteriophages in our system.
  
−
 
−
<figure>
 
−
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/4/49/T--Grenoble-Alpes--select_figure1.png" id="schema">
 
−
 
−
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/d/df/T--Grenoble-Alpes--select_figure2.png" id="schema" >
 
−
<figcaption>Figure 1: Result of alignment of the target sequence of the detection of bacterial lysis in PAO1.</figcaption></figure>
 
−
 
−
<p> This result isn’t problematic as the specificity will be provided by the phage. Indeed, a phage is specific of a bacterial strain, so a screening of phages will be done before their use in the device. Finally, the target found in ProC gene (822bp) from PAO1 strain (GenBank : AAG03782.1) is located in PA0393 locus. The target is located between nucleotide 766 and nucleotide 802.</p>
 
−
 
−
<figure><p>5’- CCCTGAACGCCGCCAGCCAGCGCTCCGCCGAGCTGG-3’</p><figcaption>Figure 2: Target of lytic biologically selected PAO1 lysis.</figcaption></figure>
 
−
 
−
<p> As for the enzyme surrounding the sequence on both sides it is HaeIII.</p>
 
−
<figure><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/b/b4/T--Grenoble-Alpes--select_figure3.png"><figcaption>Figure 3: Recognition Site of the HaeIII Enzyme</figcaption></figure>
 
−
 
−
<figure><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/e/e9/T--Grenoble-Alpes--select_figure4.png"><figcaption>Figure 4: Target chosen surrounded by HaeIII, blunt ends restriction enzyme.  </figcaption></figure>
 
−
 
−
<p> All this work has been carried out in order to select the target after extracting Pyo's DNA. Indeed, after the extraction, HaeIII digestion during 15 minutes at 37 ° C in CutSmart Buffer will be performed. The target is now ready to be detected and the next step, the detector activation, can occur.</p>
 
−
 
−
<br>
 
−
<h3><font size="5"><font color="orange">Target that characterizes a marker of resistance of Pyo</font></font></h3>
 
−
<br><p>
 
−
 
−
When selecting the gene fragment to target markers of resistance, the strategy was the same.
 
−
Indeed, we had to choose a fragment with these 3 characteristics but the feature here is to find a short fragment with more than 1 mutation. </p>
 
−
 
−
<p>Pyo has developed many resistance mechanisms during evolution. The most common mechanisms are multiple mutations leading to AmpC overexpression (ceftazidime), oprD inactivation (meropenem), modification of type II topoisomerases, as well as overexpression of the efflux pump (ciprofloxacin and meropenem) [4]. </p>
 
−
 
−
<p>By doing some reading, we selected the gene that mutated the most and looked for common mutations on it. The selected gene was gyrA (GenBank: AAG06556.1) gene. It encodes for the DNA gyrase subunit A (topoisomerase II) and is on the PA3168 genome PA3168 locus. The gyrase DNA mutation leads to resistance to fluoroquinolones [5] [6]. Fluoroquinolones are antibiotics acting on DNA gyrase, it prevents replication of bacterial DNA and thus bacterial proliferation.</p>
 
−
 
−
<p>We noticed in several articles explaining the mutations of the gyrA gene of Pyo clinical strains, that some were redundant. First, at position 83 of the gyrA gene, threonine becomes an isoleucine (Thr83Ile) [5] [6] [7] [11].
 
−
Moreover, in position 87 an aspartate becomes an asparagine (Asp87Asn) [5] [7] [8]. So we decided to work on these two mutations. The advantage is that they are close in the gyrA gene (12 nucleotides between them), this is an important point because the detection target sequence must not exceed 50 nucleotides. Once the location was found, the gene mutated was inserted in NebCutter to see natural restriction sites.</p>
 
−
 
−
<p>Finally, a sequence alignment in BLAST was performed to ensure that the fragment was only found in Pyo. The parameters of the BLAST are : Excluded “<I>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</I> group” and  “ Highly similar sequences, megablast”. The result (Fig.5) shows 4 alignment results with 100% homology. For two of them, the result is normal because it corresponds to the gene coding for the subunit A of DNA gyrase (gyrA). For the 2 others, Pseudomonas Putida is found in most soils and aquatic habitats where there is oxygen. P.P is able to degrade organic solvents such as toluene, it is not found in clinical cases. This result isn’t problematic as the specificity will be provided by the phage.</p>
 
−
<p>Indeed, we used HER18 phage that is it specific against PAO1 strain (taxonomy : txid280701).
 
−
In addition, as previously said, the specificity will be provided by the phage. Indeed, a phage is specific for a bacterial strain, so a selection will have been made before using the engineering system. With all these elements, we can ignore this homology.</p>
 
  
  

Revision as of 17:33, 8 October 2018

Template loop detected: Template:Grenoble-Alpes

DNA EXTRACTION

The first main step in our system is the lysis of bacteria by bacteriophages. This step is decisive for all the rest of the system. In fact this step allows the release of DNA in the medium by lysing the specific bacteria. It is this specific DNA that will be extracted, digested and detected by our plasmid probes. So if the DNA released hybridize to the probes, it gives two essential information:


- Which bacterial species are present in the patient sample.

- What are the best bacteriophages capable of infecting this bacteria, and thus, treating the patient.


About bacteriophages


But to understand a little more this last point, let’s mention what is a bacteriophage and how it infects bacteria: Bacteriophages, also called phages, are bacteria-specific viruses: each bacteriophage is able to infect one or more bacterial strains from a single bacterial species. This specificity is characterized by differences in infection and replication efficiency. This last feature is proportional to the number of lysed bacteria and therefore to the amount of DNA released which will be able to hybridize with the probes. That is how, after the transformation step, we will be able to determine the lysis efficiency by following the fluorescence rate measured by our system. Then we will be able to choose the best bacterium killer bacteriophage.

However, be careful: some bacteriophages are not just able to lyse bacteria. Indeed, as you see in Figure 1, two types of infection cycles are distinguished:

1) Lytic cycle: the bacteriophage, once inside the bacterial host, uses the machinery of the infected cell to replicate, releasing a great number of new virions after a bacterial burst (in red in Figure 1).

2) Lysogenic cycle: the bacteriophage, once inside the bacterial host, integrates its DNA to the host DNA and becomes a prophage able to transmit itself to the descendants (in blue in Figure 1).


Figure 1: Infection cycles of bacteriophages

About bacteriophages

Lytic bacteriophages, as their name suggests, destroy the bacteria. They divert the bacterial machinery to their advantage to reproduce and multiply. Indeed, bacteriophages, unable to reproduce by their own means, inject their genetic material into host bacteria (red 1. in the Figure 1). Thanks to the enzymes and ribosomes of the host, the viral genome can be replicated and translated to form many copies (red 3. in the Fig. 1). At the end of the process, the bacteria burst and dozens or even hundreds new bacteriophages - identical to the original - are released in the medium and therefore available to attack other bacteria of the same species (red 4. in the Fig. 1). True “professional killers”, lytic bacteriophages are the natural predators of bacteria. It is precisely these lytic bacteriophages that are used for therapeutic purposes to fight against bacterial infections (bacteriophage therapy). For example, in Russia, bacteriophages are used to treat foot infections in patients with type 2 diabetes, known as diabetic foot ulcers and may cause amputation ; as described in the scientific article Bacteriophage Treatment of Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers by scientists of the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. Thereby, we also use lytic bacteriophages in our system.