Team:Goettingen/Design

Design

Glyphosate detection system

Glyphosate resistance

As outlined in the project description, our topic is all about glyphosate. To create a proper detection system using the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis, we first had to know how this organism would behave upon glyphosate treatment. Therefore, we plated a B. subtilis wild type strain on agar plates supplemented with different amounts of glyphosate (0 mM - 60 mM). We observed that the growth of the bacteria was strongly inhibited on agar plates containing 5 mM glyphosate, while there was no growth at concentrations higher than 10 mM. After further incubation of the agar plates for 2 days at 37°C, we observed that high number of mutants appeared on the plates. Whole genome sequencing analyses revealed that the mutants had inactivated the gltT gene encoding a high-affinity transporter, which is involved in amino acid uptake. By analyzing additional mutants that tolerate high amounts of glyphosate, we found a variety of different mutations (transitions, transversions, deletions, insertions and duplications) in the gltT gene. However, the mutations have one thing in common: they all lead to the inactivation of the gltT gene! Further adaptation of the a mutant lacking the gltT allowed us to isolate variants of B. subtilis that even tolerate higher amounts of glyphosate. Again we analyzed the genomes of the evolved bacteria to identify the mutations causing the phenotypes. These analyses revealed that the isolated mutants had inactivated the gltP gene encoding a low-affinity amino acid transporter. Our evolution experiments show that glyphosate enters the B. subtilis cell via the amino acid transporters GltT and GltP. To conclude, genomic adaptation to weedkiller led to the identification of the first glyphosate uptake systems!

Reporter genes

Since we planned to create a detection system we took a closer look at the biosynthesis pathway of the essential aromatic amino acids tryptophane, tyrosine, and phenylalanine. These amino acids are dependent on the activity of the EPSP-synthase, in B. subtilis encoded by the gene aroE. The EPSP-synthase converts phosphoenolpyruvate and 3-phosphoshikimate into 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) (Haslam, 1974). Glyphosate targets the EPSP-synthase and inhibits its activity (Franz, 1979; Schönbrunn et al., 2001). We made up the hypothesis that upon glyphosate treatment the biosynthesis of tryptophane is inhibited and the activity of genes, which are involved in the tryptophane biosynthesis downstream of aroE, are upregulated. We were particularly interested in trpE and trpP, encoding the first subunit of the anthranilate synthase and a tryptophane transporter, respectively (QUELLE!). A detection system should display the presence of the detected compound. Therefore, we cloned a lacZ reporter system behind the promoters of the two selected genes. The cells should show a blue color upon glyphosate treatment. We faced the problem that the cells did turn blue under normal conditions on minimal medium with and without glyphosate. Furthermore, B. subtilis did not survive the glyphosate treatment, since it had to take up glyphosate for detection.

To avoid dying cells due to their disability to produce the essential aromatic amino acids, we thought about a resistant form of the EPSP-synthase. We found in Eschenburg et al., 2002 that a mutation at position 96 in the peptidechain from glycine to alanine provides a significant higher resistance against glyphosate. This resistant form should rescue the cells from their glyphosate sensitivity. However, this approach would not solve the problem with the blue cells without glyphosate treatment. Unfortunately, we were currently not able to clone this resistant form into Bacillus!

After acquiring data from RNA sequencing, we changed our reporter system from lacZ to a xylose repressor system, in which the cells turn yellow, when there is glyphosate present. This principle is shown in the picture below.

The promotor of a gene that is downregulated upon glyphosate treatment is active without glyphosate. The xylose repressor xylR is therefore transcribed and the enzyme xylosidase is inactive. When there is glyphosate present, the promoter is downregulated and the xylose repressor xylR is not transcribed. This leads to the expression of the xylosidase which results in a color change.

The promoter of TO DO is upon glyphosate treatment 11-fold downregulated. Downstream of this promoter the xylosidase repressor xylR cloned. This would mean, if there is no glyphosate present, the xylosidase repressor is expressed and the xylosidase is not active. However, if glyphosate is present, the promoter is downregulated and so is the expression of the xylR gene. This leads to an active xylosidase that turns ONPX into a yellow color.

With this detector we would also face the problem of dying cells, since they have to take up glyphosate for detection. Also, the formation of a glyphosate resistant B. subtilis via a resistant EPSP-synthase form would rescue this problem.

Fluorescence tagging

Since we had problems to realize the lacZ reporter system, we came up with a new reporting system that does not use molecular switches. For this system, we tagged strains that differ in their glyphosate resistance with fluorophores. We used mTagBFP (blue fluorescent protein), GFP (green fluorescent protein), and mOrange (orange fluorescent protein) as markers, which were obtained from the iGEM DNA distribution kit. The detection system is based on a competition assay. Cells that have high glyphosate resistance TO DO are marked orange, cells with moderate glyphosate resistance are marked blue and cells that cannot survive glyphosate treatment are marked green. Grown in medium without glyphosate, all cells show the same fitness. However, grown in medium with glyphosate, only adapted cells would survive, which could be detected by measuring the fluorescence.

This figure shows a possible application of our glyphosate detector. Fluorescence marked spores, in this case the green color indicates high glyphosate resistance, are propagated on a sample and cultivated. If there is a high glyphosate concentration within the sample, only the green marked cells can survive. If the glyphosate concentration is at a low level, the non-marked cells can survive, but are inhibited in their growth. When there is no glyphosate present, both strains will grow equally.

Such detection system as described in the figure above could also be used by customers, albeit the cells have to be observed with fluorescence detecting device. TO DO. Another option would be that customers could send their samples to a public laboratory company that uses our test kit for determining the glyphosate concentration.

Glyphosate degradation

We conducted a survey and it brought our attention to another important topic within our project. People that are not into science questioned if it would be possible to degrade glyphosate with our detector-bacterium. To address this question, we searched in the literature for such a method and found in Castle et al., 2004 a solution: the glyphosate-acetyl-transferase (GAT) from Bacillus licheniformis. This enzyme N-acetylates glyphosate, which then has no herbicidal effect anymore (Franz et al., 1997). Unfortunately, we were currently not able to clone this resistant form into Bacillus!!!!

References

  1. Eschenburg, S., Healy, M.L., Priestman, M.A. et al. Planta (2002) 216: 129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-002-0908-0
  2. Franz, J.E. (1979) in: Adv. Pestic. Sci. Vol. 2, E. 139-147 (Geissbuehler, H. ed.) Pergamon, Oxford.
  3. Haslam, E. 1974 The Shikimate Pathway. Wiley, New York.
  4. Schönbrunn, E., Eschenburg, S., Shuttleworth, W.A., Schloss, J.V., Amrhein, N., Evans, J.N., and Kabsch, W. 2001. Interaction of the herbicide glyphosate with its target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase in atomic detail. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 1376-80.