Gibbs free energy

  Literature shows that coniferyl alcohol (monolignol G) forms resonance structure after create a free radical, and two specific resonance structures would form a dimer (β-5, β-O-4, β-β).
  It is changed into a dimer by the action of the enzyme and the addition of water. Because the method we used may not be the same as the literature, we decided to confirm the feasibility of the reaction through Gibbs free energy calculation.
(Calculation method using Spartan 16)

(1) From monomeric alcohol to carrying free radicals

Figure 1: (Left) Three resonance forms(Wang, Y. et al. 2013), (Right) Reaction diagram (Vanholme, R. et al. 2010)

Figure 2: Monolignol as the free energy benchmark (1 hartree ≈ 2625.5 kJ/mole)

  In Figure 2. , we found that the free energy of the process of creating free radicals is positive, so it is not spontaneous, so we need to make the reaction happen using enzymes and hydrogen peroxide.

(2) Free radical state to dimer formation

Figure 3: The green indicator is β-O-4; the blue indicator is β-β; the red indicator is β-5 (Barceló, A. R. et al. 2004)

Figure 4: β-β free energy changes, (a) is the two resonant monolignols, (b) is the two resonant monolignol bonds, (c) is β-β formation (1 hartree ≈ 2625.5 kJ/mole)

Figure 5: β-5 free energy changes, (a) is the two resonant monolignols, (b) is the two resonant monolignol bonds, (c) is β-5 formation (1 hartree ≈ 2625.5 kJ/mole)

Figure 6: β-O-4 free energy change, (a) is two resonance monolignols, (b) is two resonance monolignol bonding, (c) is formed by β-O-4, and water is added to the reaction at 2 to 3 (1 hartree ≈ 2625.5 kJ/mole)

  It is observed from the simulation that these three bonding reactions are thermodynamically spontaneous reactions at room temperature, and it is also feasible to synthesize these kinds of bonds using our enzymes.

Figure 7: Calculation data-coniferyl alcohol to resonance form

Figure 8: Calculation data-resonance form to dimer

Reference

Barceló, A. R., Ros, L. G., Gabaldón, C., López-Serrano, M., Pomar, F., Carrión, J. S., & Pedreño, M. A. (2004). Basic peroxidases: the gateway for lignin evolution? . Phytochemistry Reviews. (2004), 3(1-2), 61-78

Vanholme, R., Demedts, B., Morreel, K., Ralph, J., & Boerjan, W. (2010). Lignin biosynthesis and structure.(2010) Plant physiology, 153(3), 895-905.

Wang, Y., Chantreau, M., Sibout, R., & Hawkins, S. (2013). Plant cell wall lignification and monolignol metabolism. Frontiers in plant science, 4, 220