Team:ZJUT-China/Attributions
Team:ZJUT-China
Project Descriptions
Background
Antibiotics has played an important role in safeguarding human health and promoting the development of animal husbandry for a long time. However, in recent years, the overuse of antibiotics has aroused widespread concern which mainly focuses on the emerging problems of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Antibiotic and antibiotic resistance genes are new pollutants. Antibiotic does not accumulate in the body, and 70% - 80% of antibiotics will be discharged into the environment with urine. These different kinds of antibiotics have impact on microorganisms in the environment. Antibiotics give stress to microorganisms, and then they will be induced to generate resistance genes and even change into superbacteria. Resistance genes are also likely to spread and diffuse in the environment, which easily threatens public health, food and drinking water safety, thereby causing direct health hazards to our human beings.
Antibiotic resistance: Global Report on Surveillance released by the World Health Organization in 2014 shows that 63,000 people die each year from super-resistant bacteria in the United States and 25,000 in the European Union. The number of deaths caused by superbugs in the United States far exceeds that of HIV[1]. If the global spread of superbacteria is not effectively curbed, the resulting death toll could increase by 10 million annually. To cope with the spread of superbug, the world needs to spend 100 trillion dollars by 2050 [2]. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent to carry out the related research on antibiotic resistance genes and reveal the diffusion and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment for assessing the ecological risk of antibiotic resistance genes.
The horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes is the main mode of transmission of resistance genes in the environment, and is one of the reasons for the increasingly serious environmental pollution of resistance genes. The horizontal transfer of resistance genes in the environment can occur between bacteria of the same species or different species, resulting in a large number of pathogenic bacteria producing drug resistance, and even triggering multiple drug resistance. So horizontal transfer is also the main cause of super bacteria, which poses a great threat to human health. Plasmids, integrons, and transposons in bacterium are important molecular propagation primitives for horizontal transfer of resistance genes. The main ways of horizontal transfer of resistance genes include three types that are conjugation, transduction, and transformation[3], of which conjugation is the most important horizontal transfer mode. Through conjugation the plasmid DNA carrying the antibiotic resistance gene can not only complete the gene transfer between the same genus of bacteria, but also can transfer between different species of bacteria, even between bacteria and fungi. It leads to the widespread spread of resistance genes in the environment.
Existing treatment technologies can only deal with some of the genetic contaminants that have been diffused into the environment, but can not eliminate the source of pollution. Therefore, we expect to construct a controllable genetic engineered bacteria which has self-eliminating ability of resistant genes by using CRISSPR/Cas9. This molecular machine has high efficiency of gene editing and optical control system. We can use it to solve the problem of bacterial resistance from the origin and to provide a possible and effective way to solve resistant gene pollution and protect the ecological environment.
【2】O’Nell J (May 2016). Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: Final report and recommendations[R]. 2016
【3】Y Fengxia, M Daqing, L yi, et al. Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013, 24(10).
CRISPR/Cas
CRISPR/Cas is the abbreviation of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9. CRISPR/Cas system is the immune system of prokaryotic organism, when guided by gRNA, Cas protein can cut the target DNA and cause a double-strain break. Now this system has become an efficient, fast and accurate genome editing tool.
Basically, the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system needs two plasmids, one expresses Cas9 protein, the other provides sgRNA which is rea human-designed gRNA. Antibiotics resistance has become a global health issue. Till today, almost all of microbiology labs and fermentation factory use antibiotics resistance gene as selective marker. Our project creates a plasmid that include both Cas9 gene and sgRNA sequence. When induced by light of a certain wave length, it cuts the antibiotics resistance genes in the bacteria preventing them from leaking into the environment.
