Difference between revisions of "Team:Montpellier/Antisperm/antibodies"

Latest revision as of 21:28, 16 October 2018

Antibodies

Origin of Antisperm Antibodies

During the 20th century, several cases of infertile men and women were observed. At the time, the reasons for this sterility were elusive. Eventually, researchers discovered that that one cause was the result of the production of antisperm antibodies (ASA) [1]. These antibodies can be produced by either of women or men against spermatozoa, leading to immotility of the spermatozoa and subsequent infertility. ASA production in women can be caused by spermatozoal deposition in the genital tract, the peritoneal cavity, or the gastrointestinal tract with a compromised epithelial barrier [1]. ASAs are estimated to cause infertility in 2-30% of infertile couples [1].

Previously, researchers have tried to use these antibodies and related antigens to create a contraceptive vaccine (CV) [2]. They induced murine B cells to produce ASA by vaccinating them with the related antigen. The results demonstrated that vaccination with a sperm antigen or its cDNA can cause a long-term, reversible contraception in female mice. When the antibody titers declined to control levels, all the animals conceived and delivered healthy babies [3].

This study sparked our interest that ASAs could be very effective for a long-term and reversible contraception. As such, one of the aims of our project was to engineer L. jensenii to produce ASAs against a spermatozoa antigen.

Why do we chose to synthesize ASA ?

What is an antibody ?

The classical representation of an antibody is as a Y-shaped molecule composed of four polypeptide subunits with two identical heavy and light chains, linked by disulfur bonds. Each chain is composed of a constant part (constant heavy CH, constant light CL) and a variable part (variable heavy VH, variable light VL). It is secreted by B lymphocytes to specifically recognize and neutralize antigens.

scFv

Single-Chain Variable Fragments (scFv) are recombinant molecules where the variable region of the heavy (VH) and light (VL) immunoglobulin chains are linked into a single, flexible linker peptide sequence, here Gly4Ser. Glycine amino acids ensure a good flexibility of the linker. The effects of scFvs can be similar to antibodies, but they lack the complex assembly process of traditional antibodies and are thus easier to produce in prokaryotes.

Antisperm antibodies

ASA are immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) directed against sperm antigens. The production can be caused whenever sperm encounters the immune system. They can have different effects.

Effects of ASAs on sperm

ASAs can affect fertility through inhibition of several mechanisms: sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction, sperm-zona interaction, sperm-oolemma binding and penetration, and preimplantation embryonic development. The main activity of commercial spermicides is the inhibition of sperm motility, as if spermatozoa have their motility inhibited, they can no longer fertilize the egg [2]. With this in mind, we chose several ASAs that have this effect.

Previous work on Lactobacillus jensenii:

An article by OSEL, a biotechnology company, discussed the production of scFvs against the HIV-1 virus by Lactobacillus jensenii. We studied their research in order to better understand their experiments and constructions. OSEL defined different promoters, such as RpsU and PtsU, that are specific to L. jensenii [5].
They determined a signal peptide that is specific to L. jensenii and added a linker to secrete a scFv antibody that targets HIV-1 [4].
Drawing inspiration from these studies, we modeled our system such that L. jensenii secretes our ASAs in a similar manner.

YLP20 and YLP12

After conducting a literature search of known ASAs, we found four interesting potential antibodies and related antigens. Of these, we decided to focus our research on YLP20, which was the most documented of the ASAs, and its antigen, YLP12. Additionally, YLP12 is a small peptide for which synthesis can easily be outsourced to test the potential activity of our antibody.

Table : ASA and related antigens.
Antibody	Related antigen
YLP20	YLP12
AFA-1	FA-1
FAB-7	FA-1
AS16	Human Sperm Extract (HSE)

YLP20

The YLP20 scFv that we want to produce is composed of a heavy chain (VH), a light chain (VL), a linker (Gly4Ser), and an E-Tag.

Role of each part:

VH and VL: compose the antigen-binding domain
Linker Gly4Ser: link VH and VL
E-Tag: allow for purification of our scFv using anti-E-Tag antibody

It is a 224 amino-acids sequence (with 13 more amino-acids for the E-tag sequence, for a total of 237) :

QVQLVESGGDLMQPGGSLRVSCAASGFTVSSSAMSWVRQAPGRGLEWVSVVYVDGTTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMDSLTAEDTAVYYCARSNWHYVTAMYNGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSQIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVTMNYLAWYQQKRGQPPRLLIYAATTRATGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTIRRLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGSSPPGVTFGAPVPYPDPLEPR

The bold parts are the different CDR (Coding DNA Region). The underlined part is the E-tag sequence. In blue is the light chain. In green is the heavy chain. The linker is highlighted in yellow.

YLP12

YLP12 is dodecamer, composed of 12 amino acids. It is a sperm specific protein. This peptide sequence is involved in recognition and binding to the human oocyte zona pellucida (ZP), ZP protein, ZP3. YLP12 is present on acrosome, midpiece and tail regions of sperm cells.

It is a 12 amino-acids sequence : YLPVGGLRRIGG.

YLP12 was synthesized by EZBiolab with biotinylated C-terminus part.

We decided to add a biotinylated C-terminus part to fix YLP12 to use it as a capture antigen in an ELISA test. The biotinylated part is supposed to interact with the streptavidin in ELISA plate which will prevent the peptide to lie down. It will facilitate the interaction between the scFv and the peptide.

Objectives

Production

We first want to engineer L. jensenii and B. subtilis to make them produce YLP20 scFv. For that, We used a strong promoter, RpsU, that is specific to L. jensenii [5].

The scFv is synthesized from the N-terminus domain to C-terminus domain. The E-Tag is added at the end of the synthesis, on the C-term.

We used the same construction in L. jensenii and B. subtilis to test the production and secretion of our product. We do not know if the promoter works in B. subtilis as it is specific to L. jensenii, but both are gram negative bacteria. Once the scFv is fully synthesized, it is supposed to looks like Figure 1 (see below).

Figure 1 : Synthesized scFv with E-tag added at the C-terminus domain.

Secretion

The next step is to make L. jensenii and B. subtilis secrete YLP20 scFv in the supernatant using a signal peptide (SP).

Signal Peptide	Origin	Amino acid sequences
CbsA	L. jensenii	MKKNLRIVSAAAAALLAVAPVAASAVSTVSA
Epr	B. subtilis	MKNMSCKLVVSVTLFFSFLTIGPLAHA
YncM	B. subtilis	MAKPLSKGGILVKKVLIAGAVGT AVLFGTLSSGIPGLPAADA
YjfA	B. subtilis	MKRLFMKASLVLFAVVFVFAVKGAPAKA

We chose 4 differents SP to perform the secretion of scFv :

CbsA

The first that we chose is CbsA. This SP is used for secretion of antibodies in Lactobacillus jensenii [4][5].
The SP is synthesized on the N-terminus domain. Downstream the CbsA sequence are added 4 amino acids (APVT) at the N-terminus domain of the scFv. These 4 amino acids are similar to a native signal peptidase cleavage site of this protein. The addition of the APVT sequence shown to improve the secretion of a full-length protein in L. jensenii.

Epr, YncM, YjfA

These SPs are coming from a screening of SPs of Bacillus subtilis. As they can be used to secrete proteins in B. subtilis which is a gram positive bacteria, we decided to try to use them to secrete our stuff in L. jensenii that is also a gram positive bacteria. We used the same template for the construction. These SPs are on the N-terminus domain, and followed by the APVT sequence on their N-terminus domain.

References
[1]	Rajesh K. Naz, Subhash C.Chauhan. (2001). Presence of antibodies to sperm YLP12 synthetic peptide in sera and seminal plasma of immunoinfertile men. Molecular Human Reproduction Vol.7 no.1 pp. 21–26.
[2]	Rajesh K. Naz. (2014). Vaccine for human contraception targeting sperm Izumo protein and YLP12 dodecamer peptide. Protein Science 2014 Vol.23:857—868.
[3]	A.S. Samuel and R.K. Naz. (2008). Isolation of human single chain variable fragment antibodies against specific sperm antigens for immunocontraceptive development. Human Reproduction Vol.23, No.6 pp. 1324–1337.
[4]	Angela Marcobal, Xiaowen Liu, Wenlei Zhang, Antony S. Dimitrov, Letong Jia, Peter P. Lee, Timothy R. Fouts, Thomas P. Parks, and Laurel A. Lagenaur. (2016). Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralizing Antibody Fragments Using Human Vaginal Lactobacillus. Aids Resaerch And Human Retroviruses Volume 32, Number 10/11.
[5]	Xiaowen Liu, Laurel A. Lagenaur, David A. Simpson, Kirsten P. Essenmacher, Courtney L. Frazier-Parker, Yang Liu, Daniel Tsai, Srinivas S. Rao, Dean H. Hamer, Thomas P. Parks, Peter P. Lee and Qiang Xu. (2006). Engineered Vaginal Lactobacillus Strain for Mucosal Delivery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Inhibitor Cyanovirin-N. Antimicrob Agents Chemother Vol. 50, No. 10, p. 3250–3259

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 <section>
-  <h1>Antibodies</h1>
+       <h2>Origin of Antisperm Antibodies</h2>
-    <br/>
-       <h2>Origin of antisperm antibodies</h2>
          <hr/>
-           <p>During the 20th century, several cases of infertile men and women were observed. At this time, the reasons of this sterility were elusive. Researchers discovered that this was the result of the production of antisperm antibodies (ASA). These antibodies can be produced in the body of women and men against spermatozoa, and they cause infertility. Presence of ASA in male and/or female partner have been considered as infertility cause in around 2-30% of infertile couples [1]. For example, ASA production in women can be caused after spermatozoal deposition into genital tract with a compromised epithelial barrier, the peritoneal cavity or the gastrointestinal tract.
+           <p>During the 20th century, several cases of infertile men and women were observed. At the time, the reasons for this sterility were elusive. Eventually, researchers discovered that that one cause was the result of the production of antisperm antibodies (ASA) <a class="lien" href="#references">[1]</a>. These antibodies can be produced by either of women or men against spermatozoa, leading to immotility of the spermatozoa and subsequent infertility. ASA production in women can be caused by spermatozoal deposition in the genital tract, the peritoneal cavity, or the gastrointestinal tract with a compromised epithelial barrier <a class="lien" href="#references">[1]</a>. ASAs are estimated to cause infertility in 2-30% of infertile couples <a class="lien" href="#references">[1]</a>.
            </p>
-           <p>Researchers tried to use these antibodies and related antigens to create a contraceptive vaccine (CV) [2]. They made mice produce ASA (production by B cells) by vaccinating them with the related antigen. The results show that vaccination with a sperm antigen or its cDNA causes a long-term, reversible contraception in female mice [3].
+           <p>Previously, researchers have tried to use these antibodies and related antigens to create a contraceptive vaccine (CV) <a class="lien" href="#references">[2]</a>. They induced murine B cells to produce ASA by vaccinating them with the related antigen. The results demonstrated that vaccination with a sperm antigen or its cDNA can cause a long-term, reversible contraception in female mice. When the antibody titers declined to control levels, all the animals conceived and delivered healthy babies <a class="lien" href="#references">[3]</a>.
            </p>
-           <p>They showed that ASA can be very effective for a long-term and reversible  contraception. This is exactly what we want to create by engineering <i>L. jensenii</i> to make them produce ASA against a spermatozoa antigen.
+           <p>This study sparked our interest that ASAs could be very effective for a long-term and reversible  contraception. As such, one of the aims of our project was to engineer <i>L. jensenii</i> to produce ASAs against a spermatozoa antigen.
            </p>
@@ Line 32: / Line 80: @@
 <div class="boxbox">
      <div class="boxes"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/e/e8/T--Montpellier--antibody_schema_mtp2.svg" alt="" width="2000" class="cards"/>
-       <h4>What is and antibody ?</h4>
+       <h4>What is an antibody ?</h4>
-       <p class="text_boxes">The classical representation of an antibody is as a Y-shaped molecule composed of four polypeptide subunits with two identical heavy and light chains, linked by disulfure bounds. Each chain is composed of a constant (constant heavy CH, constant light CL) and a variable part (variable heavy VH, variable light VL). It is secreted by B lymphocytes that specifically recognize and neutralize antigens.</p>
+       <p class="text_boxes">The classical representation of an antibody is as a Y-shaped molecule composed of four polypeptide subunits with two identical heavy and light chains, linked by disulfur bonds. Each chain is composed of a constant part (constant heavy CH, constant light CL) and a variable part (variable heavy VH, variable light VL). It is secreted by B lymphocytes to specifically recognize and neutralize antigens.</p>
      </div>
      <div class="boxes"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/c/ce/T--Montpellier--scFv_schema_mtp.svg" alt="" width="2000" class="cards"/>
        <h4>scFv</h4>
-       <p class="text_boxes">scFv (for Single-Chain Variable Fragment) are recombinant molecules where the variable region of the heavy (VH) and light (VL) immunoglobulin chains are linked into a single peptide. VH and VL are linked with a flexible linker sequence, here Gly4Ser. Glycine amino-acids ensure a good flexibility of the linker. Effect of scFv is similar to antibodies.</p>
+       <p class="text_boxes">Single-Chain Variable Fragments (scFv) are recombinant molecules where the variable region of the heavy (VH) and light (VL) immunoglobulin chains are linked into a single, flexible linker peptide sequence, here Gly4Ser. Glycine amino acids ensure a good flexibility of the linker. The effects of scFvs can be similar to antibodies, but they lack the complex assembly process of traditional antibodies and are thus easier to produce in prokaryotes.</p>
      </div>
      <div class="boxes"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/f/fd/T--Montpellier--spermatozoa_binding_schema_mtp2.svg" alt="" width="2000" class="cards"/>
        <h4>Antisperm antibodies</h4>
-       <p class="text_boxes">ASA are immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) directed against sperm antigens. The production can be caused whenever sperm encounter the immune system. They can have different effects.</p>
+       <p class="text_boxes">ASA are immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) directed against sperm antigens. The production can be caused whenever sperm encounters the immune system. They can have different effects.</p>
      </div>
      <div class="boxes"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/9/9e/T--Montpellier--spermatozoa_scFv_schema_mtp.svg" alt="" width="2000" class="cards"/>
-       <h4>Effect of ASA on sperm</h4>
+       <h4>Effects of ASAs on sperm</h4>
-       <p class="text_boxes">ASA can affect fertility through several mechanisms : inhibition of sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction, sperm zona interaction, sperm-oolemma binding and penetration and preimplantation embryonic development.<br/>
+       <p class="text_boxes">ASAs can affect fertility through inhibition of several mechanisms: sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction, sperm-zona interaction, sperm-oolemma binding and penetration, and preimplantation embryonic development. The main activity of commercial spermicides is the inhibition of sperm motility, as if spermatozoa have their motility inhibited, they can no longer fertilize the egg <a class="lien" href="#references">[2]</a>. With this in mind, we chose several ASAs that have this effect.</p>
-      The main activity of spermicides is the inhibition of sperm motility. We chose several ASA that have this effect. If spermatozoa have their motility inhibited, they can not fertilize the egg anymore [2].</p>
      </div>
    </div>
+<h4>Previous work on <i>Lactobacillus jensenii</i>:</h4>
+<p>An article by <a href="http://oselinc.com/home/">OSEL</a>, a biotechnology company, discussed the production of scFvs against the HIV-1 virus by <i>Lactobacillus jensenii</i>. We studied their research in order to better understand their experiments and constructions. OSEL defined different promoters, such as RpsU and PtsU, that are specific to <i>L. jensenii</i> <a class="lien" href="#references">[5]</a>.<br/>
+They determined a signal peptide that is specific to <i>L. jensenii</i> and added a linker to secrete a scFv antibody that targets HIV-1 <a class="lien" href="#references">[4]</a>.<br/>
+Drawing inspiration from these studies, we modeled our system such that <i>L. jensenii</i> secretes our ASAs in a similar manner.
+</p>
        <h2>YLP20 and YLP12</h2>
@@ Line 54: / Line 107: @@
            <div class="deux_colonnes">
              <div class="colonne_1">
-               <p>First, we read publications to find several ASA. We found 4 interesting ASA with their related antigens.<br/><br/>We decided to choose <span class="red">YLP20</span> for a candidate as it is very well documented. Moreover <span class="red">YLP12</span> the antigen targeted by YLP20 is small so we can easily have this peptide synthesize to test the activity of the scFv that we want to produce.
+               <p>After conducting a literature search of known ASAs, we found four interesting potential antibodies and related antigens. Of these, we decided to focus our research on YLP20, which was the most documented of the ASAs, and its antigen, YLP12. Additionally, YLP12 is a small peptide for which synthesis can easily be outsourced to test the potential activity of our antibody.<br/><br/>
                </p>
              </div>
              <div class="colonne_2">
-               <br/><table>
+               <table>
-                 <caption><span class="underline">Table :</span> ASA and related antigens.</caption>
+                 <caption><span class="underline bold">Table :</span> ASA and related antigens.</caption>
                    <tr>
                      <th>Antibody</th>
@@ Line 86: / Line 139: @@
              <div class="colonne_1">
                <h3>YLP20</h3>
-               <p>The YLP20 scFv that we want to produce is composed of a heavy chain (VH), a light chain (VL), a linker (Gly4Ser) and an E-Tag.<br/><br/>
+               <p>The YLP20 scFv that we want to produce is composed of a heavy chain (VH), a light chain (VL), a linker (Gly4Ser), and an E-Tag.<br/><br/>
-               Role of each part :
+               Role of each part:
                <ul>
-                 <li>E-Tag : purification of our scFv using anti-E-Tag antibody</li>
+                 <li>VH and VL: compose the antigen-binding domain</li>
-                 <li>linker Gly4Ser : link VH and VL</li>
+                 <li>Linker Gly4Ser: link VH and VL</li>
-                 <li>VH and VH : compose the antigen-binding domain</li>
+                 <li>E-Tag: allow for purification of our scFv using anti-E-Tag antibody</li>
                </ul>
                </p>
-            </div>
+<p>It is a 224 amino-acids sequence (with 13 more amino-acids for the E-tag sequence, for a total of 237) :<br/><br/>
+                <span class="aa_sequence"><span class="blue">QVQLVESGGDLMQPGGSLRVSCAAS<span class="bold">GFTVSSSA</span>MSWVRQAPGRGLEWVS<span class="bold">VVYVDGTT</span>YYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMDSLTAEDTAVYYC<span class="bold">ARSNWHYVTAMYN</span></span><span class="yellow">GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS</span><span class="green">QIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRAS<span class="bold">QSVTMNY</span>LAWYQQKRGQPPRLLIY<span class="bold">AAT</span>TRATGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTIRRLEPEDFAVYYC<span class="bold">QQYGSSPPGVTF</span></span><span class="underline">GAPVPYPDPLEPR</span></span><br/><br/>
+                The <span class="bold">bold</span> parts are the different CDR (Coding DNA Region). The <span class="underline">underlined</span> part is the E-tag sequence. In <span class="blue">blue</span> is the light chain. In <span class="green">green</span> is the heavy chain. The linker is highlighted in <span class="yellow">yellow</span>.
+              </p>
+</div>
              <div class="colonne_2">
                <h3>YLP12</h3>
-               <p></p>
+               <p>YLP12 is dodecamer, composed of 12 amino acids. It is a sperm specific protein. This peptide sequence is involved in recognition and binding to the human oocyte zona pellucida (ZP), ZP protein, ZP3. YLP12 is present on acrosome, midpiece and tail regions of sperm cells.</p><br/>
+              <p>It is a 12 amino-acids sequence : YLPVGGLRRIGG.</p><br/>
+<p>YLP12 was synthesized by EZBiolab with biotinylated C-terminus part.</p><br/>
+              <p>We decided to add a biotinylated C-terminus part to fix YLP12 to use it as a capture antigen in an ELISA test. The biotinylated part is supposed to interact with the streptavidin in ELISA plate which will prevent the peptide to lie down. It will facilitate the interaction between the scFv and the peptide.</p>
              </div>
            </div>
@@ Line 105: / Line 167: @@
              <div class="colonne_1">
                <h3>Production</h3>
-               <p>We first want to engineer <i>L. jensenii</i> and <i>B. subtilis</i> to make them produce YLP20 scFv.</p>
+               <p>We first want to engineer <i>L. jensenii</i> and <i>B. subtilis</i> to make them produce YLP20 scFv. For that, We used a strong promoter, RpsU, that is specific to <i>L. jensenii</i> <a class="lien" href="#references">[5]</a>.</p>
+              <p>The scFv is synthesized from the N-terminus domain to C-terminus domain. The E-Tag is added at the end of the synthesis, on the C-term.</p>
+              <p>We used the same construction in <i>L. jensenii</i> and <i>B. subtilis</i> to test the production and secretion of our product. We do not know if the promoter works in <i>B. subtilis</i> as it is specific to <i>L. jensenii</i>, but both are gram negative bacteria.  Once the scFv is fully synthesized, it is supposed to looks like Figure 1 (see below).</p>
+              <figure>
+                <img class="image_figure_70" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2018/0/0c/T--Montpellier--scfv_etag_mtp.png"/><br/>
+                <figcaption><span class="underline">Figure 1 :</span> Synthesized scFv with E-tag added at the C-terminus domain.</figcaption>
+              </figure>
              </div>
              <div class="colonne_2">
                <h3>Secretion</h3>
-               <p>The next step is to make <i>L. jensenii</i> and <i>B. subtilis</i> secrete YLP20 scFv in the supernatant using a signal peptide.</p>
+               <p>The next step is to make <i>L. jensenii</i> and <i>B. subtilis</i> secrete YLP20 scFv in the supernatant using a signal peptide (SP).</p>
                <table>
                  <tr>
@@ Line 141: / Line 209: @@
              <ul>
                <li>CbsA</li>
-               <p>The first that we chose is CbsA. This SP is used for secretion of antibodies in <i>Lactobacillus jensenii</i> (Ref : Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralizing Antibody Fragments Using Human Vaginal Lactobacillus ; Engineered Vaginal <i>Lactobacillus</i> Strain for Mucosal Delivery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Inhibitor Cyanovirin-N).<br/>
+               <p>The first that we chose is CbsA. This SP is used for secretion of antibodies in <i>Lactobacillus jensenii</i> <a class="lien" href="#references">[4][5]</a>.<br/>
-               The SP is synthesized on the N-terminal domain. Downstream the CbsA sequence are added 4 amino acids (APVT) at the N-terminal domain of the scFv. These 4 amino acids are similar to a native signal peptidase cleavage site of this protein. The addition of the APVT sequence shown to improve the secretion of a full-length protein in <i>L. jensenii</i>.</p>
+               The SP is synthesized on the N-terminus domain. Downstream the CbsA sequence are added 4 amino acids (APVT) at the N-terminus domain of the scFv. These 4 amino acids are similar to a native signal peptidase cleavage site of this protein. The addition of the APVT sequence shown to improve the secretion of a full-length protein in <i>L. jensenii</i>.</p>
                <li>Epr, YncM, YjfA</li>
-               <p>These SPs are coming from a screening of SPs of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>. As they can be used to secrete proteins in B. subtilis which is a gram positive bacteria, we decided to try to use them to secrete our stuff in L. jensenii that is also a gram positive bacteria. We used the same template for the construction. These SPs are on the N-terminal domain, and followed by the APVT sequence on their N-terminal domain.</p>
+               <p>These SPs are coming from a screening of SPs of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>. As they can be used to secrete proteins in <i>B. subtilis</i> which is a gram positive bacteria, we decided to try to use them to secrete our stuff in <i>L. jensenii</i> that is also a gram positive bacteria. We used the same template for the construction. These SPs are on the N-terminus domain, and followed by the APVT sequence on their N-terminus domain.</p>
              </ul>
            </p>
@@ Line 151: / Line 219: @@
        </div>
-      <h2>Experiments</h2>
-        <hr/>
- <p>To verify if our constructs are working correctly (i.e production and secretion in the supernatant) we perform several experiments. We do ELISA tests using YLP12 (biotinylated as follow : YLPVGGLRRIGG-Lys(Biotin)) that is the target of the YLP20 scFv. We use streptavidin plates to fix YLP12, so the repulsion between biotin and streptavidin forces the peptides not to lie on the bottom of the plate and facilitate the binding antigen-antibody.<br/><br/>
-          We perform different ELISA tests : with the supernatant of bacteria to see if YLP20 is produced and secreted as we want, and with cell lysate to see if YLP20 is just produced and not secreted. To confirm that YLP20 is well produced by the bacteria, we do a Western Blot.</p>
 </section>
-<section class="references">
+<section class="references" id="references">
    <table class="references_table">
      <tr>
@@ Line 164: / Line 228: @@
      <tr>
        <td class="references_left">[1]</td>
-       <td class="references_right">Rajesh K. Naz, Subhash C.Chauhan. 2001. Presence of antibodies to sperm YLP12 synthetic peptide in sera and seminal plasma of immunoinfertile men. <i>Molecular Human Reproduction</i> Vol.7 no.1 pp. 21–26.</td>
+       <td class="references_right">Rajesh K. Naz, Subhash C.Chauhan. (2001). Presence of antibodies to sperm YLP12 synthetic peptide in sera and seminal plasma of immunoinfertile men. <i>Molecular Human Reproduction</i> Vol.7 no.1 pp. 21–26.</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="references_left">[2]</td>
-       <td class="references_right">Rajesh K. Naz. 2014. Vaccine for human contraception targeting sperm Izumo protein and YLP12 dodecamer peptide. <i>Protein Science</i> 2014 Vol.23:857—868.</td>
+       <td class="references_right">Rajesh K. Naz. (2014). Vaccine for human contraception targeting sperm Izumo protein and YLP12 dodecamer peptide. <i>Protein Science</i> 2014 Vol.23:857—868.</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td class="references_left">[3]</td>
-       <td class="references_right">A.S. Samuel and R.K. Naz. 2008. Isolation of human single chain variable fragment antibodies against specific sperm antigens for immunocontraceptive development. <i>Human Reproduction</i> Vol.23, No.6 pp. 1324–1337.</td>
+       <td class="references_right">A.S. Samuel and R.K. Naz. (2008). Isolation of human single chain variable fragment antibodies against specific sperm antigens for immunocontraceptive development. <i>Human Reproduction</i> Vol.23, No.6 pp. 1324–1337.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="references_left">[4]</td>
+      <td class="references_right">Angela Marcobal, Xiaowen Liu, Wenlei Zhang, Antony S. Dimitrov, Letong Jia, Peter P. Lee, Timothy R. Fouts, Thomas P. Parks, and Laurel A. Lagenaur. (2016). Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralizing Antibody Fragments Using Human Vaginal <i>Lactobacillus</i>. <i>Aids Resaerch And Human Retroviruses</i> Volume 32, Number 10/11.</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
-       <td class="references_bottom_left">[4]</td>
+       <td class="references_bottom_left">[5]</td>
-       <td class="references_bottom_right">Angela Marcobal, Xiaowen Liu, Wenlei Zhang, Antony S. Dimitrov, Letong Jia, Peter P. Lee, Timothy R. Fouts, Thomas P. Parks, and Laurel A. Lagenaur. 2016. Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralizing Antibody Fragments Using Human Vaginal <i>Lactobacillus</i>. <i>Aids Resaerch And Human Retroviruses</i> Volume 32, Number 10/11.</td>
+       <td class="references_bottom_right">Xiaowen Liu, Laurel A. Lagenaur, David A. Simpson, Kirsten P. Essenmacher, Courtney L. Frazier-Parker, Yang Liu, Daniel Tsai, Srinivas S. Rao, Dean H. Hamer, Thomas P. Parks, Peter P. Lee and Qiang Xu. (2006). Engineered Vaginal <i>Lactobacillus</i> Strain for Mucosal Delivery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Inhibitor Cyanovirin-N. <i>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</i> Vol. 50, No. 10, p. 3250–3259</td>
      </tr>
    </table>