Difference between revisions of "Team:Lambert GA/Description"

PROJECT OVERVIEW

The identification of pathogens in potentially contaminated sources is crucial for the prevention and treatment of affected individuals across the world. Developing nations are particularly distressed by infectious diseases as a consequence of poor sanitation, lack of hygiene, and lack of access to sufficient resources. Approximately 844 million of these people suffer from a lack of access to safe-drinking water, of which 3.4 million succumb to the wide range of infectious diseases transmitted through these contaminated water sources, leading to their deaths [1][2]. Despite the valiant effort by numerous organizations to increase accessibility to clean water in impoverished communities within developing nations, pathogens are able to thrive in water sources allowing for the emergence of endemics and epidemics that devastate large segments of the population.

Two diseases in particular, cholera and helminth parasitic infections, are notorious for claiming approximately a million lives annually, and while their presence is relatively non-existent in developed nations due to sufficient treatments that are easily accessible, these pathogens devastate communities in developing nations. The strategies that are currently being utilized to handle these pathogens are severely inadequate, and consequently, these pathogens are able to thrive in these communities with limited access to water, as well as poor sanitation and hygiene. Therefore, Lambert iGEM hopes to develop a practical, yet efficient solution to ensure that these epidemics can not only be detected, but prevented as well.

Current Methods

With the increasing occurrence of epidemics pertaining to these pathogens, numerous tools have been developed to detect cholera and helminths in fecal and water sample, however they significantly vary in cost and precision, making them inefficient for deployment in the field. The most prevalent detection mechanism for cholera is the Crystal VC Dipstick, an inexpensive tool that can be easily transported and utilized, however, the accuracy range for this device varies between 60% and 99%, requiring additional lab testing for confirmation, acting as a deterrent for guaranteed positive/negative results. Immunoassays are additionally incorporated for confirmation of the cholera pathogen, however the precision of these devices comes at a high cost, as the materials necessary to conduct these tests are expensive and difficult to deploy and transport in a field setting, making it inefficient for testing outside the confines of a laboratory. Another common method involves Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which allows for amplification of the target genes of the cholera pathogen for confirmation of the O1 and O139 strains, however, incorporation of the PCR method requires the utilization of numerous reagents in the field, in addition to a thermocycler and gel electrophoresis apparatus, making it difficult to exploit in the field. The inefficiency of these methods in terms of costs and/or accuracy has driven the 2018 Lambert iGEM team to develop a novel system capable of delivering accurate and precise results for cholera identification at a significantly lower cost.

Along with cholera, parasitic helminth infections are a critical issue in developing nations; over one billion individuals are infected with soil-transmitted helminth infections worldwide (6). Helminth eggs are primarily found in soil; however, animal agricultural run-off can contaminate water sources with microscopic eggs (7). Traditional detection methods for helminths include the Kato-Katz Technique, a direct examination of a fecal sample under a microscope, and the Flotation Technique, where a sample is placed into a liquid with a specific density, causing the eggs float to and facilitating egg count (8)(9). However, the eggs can be unevenly distributed throughout the faeces in the Kato-Katz Technique, and the fragile eggs can become distorted using the Flotation Technique. In addition, these traditional tests diagnose helminth infections instead of detecting the disease prior to contraction. An inexpensive, accurate test is currently unavailable; therefore, helminth infections will continue to be a major problem without a new innovation.

Our Project

Recognizing the limitations of the current methods utilized for the detection of cholera and helminths, Lambert iGEM has developed a novel platform to detect and analyze data from these pathogens at a fraction of the cost. While many caveats persist towards pathogen identification in large water sources, access to efficient and inexpensive technology has demonstrated itself as the primary prohibitive factor. Inexpensive tests currently utilized for detection have a significant variance in the positive/negative outputs, whereas the precision of other technologies correlates with heightened costs with the lack of access to necessary materials in the field. Lambert iGEM demonstrates the potential for a gene-based detection mechanism for cholera and helminth parasites that can easily be deployed in the field at drastically lower costs, without sacrificing quality or performance. In tandem, we propose a machine learning model that can predict outbreak inception and spread, allowing for a preventative approach rather than a reactive one.

Future Implications

While our current technology functions for identification of two specific pathogens, Lambert iGEM hopes to expand this technology to numerous pathogens, establishing a collection of genetic tools for detection and compiling them into a portable synthetic biology toolkit that can be distributed to aid organizations for confirmation of clean water provisions. This detection platform with visible readouts can be integrated into a data collection platform on a global scale, allowing for a proactive response to disease outbreaks and ensure the safety of the people residing in potentially at-risk areas. Lambert iGEM hopes to revolutionize pathogen detection in order to enhance feasibility, accessibility, affordability, and efficiency.

References

[1] Drinking-water. (2018, February 7). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/drinking-water
[2] (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/takingcharge.html
[3] Berman, J. (2009, October 29). WHO: Waterborne Disease is World's Leading Killer. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2005-03-17-voa34-67381152/274768.html
[4] Learn How to Use the Crystal VC Dipstick Test to Detect Vibrio Cholera in Our New Video | DOVE: Stop Cholera. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.stopcholera.org/blog/learn-how-use-crystal-vc-dipstick-test-detect-vibrio-cholera-our-new-video
[5] Cholera - Vibrio cholerae infection. (2018, May 14). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html
[6] The Burden of Soil-transmitted Helminths (STH). (2011, June 06). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/sth_burden.html
[7] Water. (2016, April 22). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/water.html
[8] Collender, P. A., Kirby, A. E., Addiss, D. G., Freeman, M. C., & Remais, J. V. (2015, December). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4679500/
[9] Action Against Worms. (2008, February). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/preventive_chemotherapy/pctnewsletter11.pdf
[10] Pilotte, N., Papaiakovou, M., Grant, J. R., Bierwert, L. A., Llewellyn, S., McCarthy, J. S., & Williams, S. A. (n.d.). Improved PCR-Based Detection of Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections Using a Next-Generation Sequencing Approach to Assay Design. Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004578
[11]- Detection of Cholera Toxin [PDF]. (n.d.). Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/laboratory-methods-for-the-diagnosis-of-vibrio-cholerae-chapter-7.pdf