Team:Lambert GA/CALM RESULTS

CALM ELECTROPEN
BACKGROUND DATA & METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION COLOR Q SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES
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INTEGRATED HUMAN PRACTICES EDUCATION & ENGAGEMENT COLLABORATIONS
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C A L M



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Results


Figure 1: Cross-validation and Holdout Error for four XGBoost forecasting models

Cross-validation and hold-out error for each of our four models. Cross-validation error was obtained by taking the root of the mean of the model’s performance across five rolling-window cross-validation folds. Hold out error was obtained by calculating the root mean squared error for predictions only on the holdout set.

Our models are able to predict the exact number of cases any given governorate in Yemen will experience across multiple two-week intervals, with all of our models being able to predict within a margin of 5 cholera cases per 10,000 people in the hold-out set. Hold-out error represents our model’s performance in real-world simulation, as the hold-out dataset was left untouched until final model evaluation. Our cross-validation error, similarly low, represents our model’s performance on a reliable, but not entirely untouched dataset, as the cross-validation dataset was used for hyperparameter tuning and feature selection. The mean number of cases any given governorate in Yemen experienced within a two-week span was approximately 19.148, with the standard deviation being 21.311. As, in real-world simulation, all four of our predictive models are able to predict around ⅕ of a standard deviation of the number cases, our predictions are robust and reliable across all time frames. However, as our predictive timeframe passes farther into the future, the cross-validation error decreases and the hold-out error increases. This could be seen as a sign of marginal overfitting, but can also be attributed to the time-shift in data as the predictive range is farther ahead: cholera 6-8 weeks ahead of a given date can look different than 2-4 weeks ahead, though 4 weeks later the 2-4 week model will see the 6-8 week data.

Figure 2: XGBoost Predictions of New Cases 0 to 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 6, and 6 to 8 Weeks in Advance for Five Governorates
Our forecasts for each time frame vs a sliding window of real cases. The window represents a two-week interval corresponding to the forecast range with single data points, sliding over the data and summing up the cholera cases falling in the interval. For example, in the 0-2 week forecast plot, on September 15th we predicted there would be 92 new cholera cases per 10,000 people in the next two weeks in the governorate of YE-SN (Sana’a). Then, two weeks later, shown as the red true-value, Sana’a experienced ~92 cases. However, the date for the true-value datapoint remains September 15th, as the value describes the number of cases 0-2 weeks in the future. The red value refers to the true value, or the number of new cholera cases actually experienced by the respective governorate in the corresponding time range (2-4 weeks from present, 4-6 weeks from present, etc.). Cross-validation predictions (green) were completed with a rolling-window method, as described earlier (see methods), and the hold-out predictions (blue) were done separately, with the model training on all data previous to the holdout set.
Our four model system is able to accurately and comprehensively forecast cholera outbreaks across 21 governorates exhibiting heterogeneous behaviors. Five governorates were chosen to represent the entire range of behavior exhibited by all 21 of Yemen’s governorates. YE-AM (Amran), YE-DA (Dhale), and YE-MW (Al Mahwit) experienced the greatest cumulative number of cholera cases from May 22nd to February 18th, respectively, making them three of the four governorates most affected by cholera overall in the given timeframe. It should be noted that the 3rd most affected governorate, YE-SA (Amanat Al Asimah) was not included, as it is technically a municipality that is enclosed by the YE-SN governorate (which is already included in the 5 governorates chosen). YE-RA (Raymah) and YE-SN (Sana’a) were chosen due to the sudden spike in cholera cases both experienced. While it was affected less than other governorates, between January and February (part of the hold-out set), YE-RA saw a sudden increase in cholera cases, peaking at ~20 new cases every two weeks (per 10,000 people). YE-SA experienced the most sudden outbreak of all governorates, with incidence rates reaching as a high as 92 cases every two weeks (per 10,000 people) between mid-September and October. With this representative sample of five governorates, we show that CALM performs well on multiple governorates exhibiting a diverse range of behaviors. It is worth noting that YE-SA and YE-RA present a rare and interesting case - a sudden outbreak. As our predictive range increases, it becomes more difficult to predict sudden spikes, due to either a lack of information many weeks prior or the events preceding a sharp outbreak not having occurred yet. As a result, longer range models seem to predict sharp outbreaks with a certain lag. This can be seen from the 4-6 week model’s forecasting of the YE-RA outbreak, which shows an upward trend, but not a full spike being predicted. However, this is where the combination of all four of our models becomes most useful. While long-range models cannot easily predict outbreaks, our shorter-range models are able to pick up the slack once the outbreak becomes closer. Specifically, our 0-2 week forecasting model is able to predict incidence spikes in YE-RA and YE-SA, so even if our long-range models were unable to predict the outbreak immediately, we would still detect the outbreak at a later date.